FP-POW-LK

Things I Remember  by L. Knudson

            High School to AAC:  After I graduated from high school, I worked on a section crew for Union Pacific Railroad, the pay was 43 cents an hour and the work was very hard. This job lasted about three and one-half months.  Keith Connelly, a friend of mine, convinced me to join the Army Air Force with him. When we enlisted at Fort Douglas, Utah on August 10, 1940, we both had high hopes to become pilots. Keith did, but I was disqualified, my test scores were lower than required.  Keith and I had similar experiences on opposite sides of the world. Keith vas shot down in Europe and became a POW in Germany. My unit was sent to the Philippine Islands, when our forces surrendered, I became a POW.

Lyle Knudson and Edward Riley at 19^th BG 30^th Sqd picknic near Albquerque NM

            March Field CA, 19^th BG 30^th Sqd:  I was scheduled to attend airplane mechanics school. While awaiting I was assigned to a B-17 crew to change oxygen bottles and keep the interior of the plane cleaning, crew members referred to my duty as "cabin boy".  The crew I was with was assigned to the 30th  Sqd, & in Mar 41 were reassigned to Albuquerque, New Mexico.

            Albuquerque NM:  They were building Kirkland Air Force Base. We were scheduled to get new planes immediately after the runways were finished. The situation in the Far East deteriorated & our unit was to be transferred to Clark Air Force base on Philippine island of Luzon. Crews were left behind to pilot our new planes to our new assignment. We traveled by train to San Francisco and embarked on a transport ship for the Philippines. We were on the ship for about fourteen days, we berthed at Hawaii, but, were not allowed to go ashore.

            Clark Field: We arrived in September and  traveled by bus to Clark Air Force Base, 60 kilometers from Manila.  A rush effort had been made to have accommodations ready. The barracks floors were constructed of wood planks about 18 inches above the ground. The walls and windows were made of thatched bamboo. The roof was made of bamboo covered with tin. Each bunk had a mosquito net that could be rolled up during the day. The weather was warm and comfortable, except for mosquitoes. Small lizards were always climbing the walls & occasionally we’d see hideous looking spiders.

            Not long after our crew started to arrive with our planes. Construction crews built large dirt revetments just off the taxi strip near the jungle growth. The planes could taxi to their designated location then pulled backwards by a small tug into the shelter.  The protective shelters were dispersed & Line Chief Master Sergeant Small utilized a Japanese bicycle to travel from plane to plane each day to check on maintenance. 

            The base had one large hangar that could accommodate one bomber and two or three P-40 fighter planes at one time. Orders came down to camouflage the bright silver planes to jungle-green, it took about two days to paint each plane, our squadron had about ten or twelve planes.  Reports trickled down from the crews that there were many airfields on this island, camouflaged to appear to be covered with aircraft.

Dec 8 Alert:  Early Dec 8, 1941, the base was placed on alert. All of the planes, excluding our plane, departed the base. Our plane was in the hangar, one of the first to be camouflaged. The fighter planes were very busy, departing and landing continuously. The squadron was scheduled to eat in shifts so that half of the crew would always be on duty. I was scheduled to eat the noon meal on the late shift. When I entered the mess hall, I could hear a radio playing and everyone was listening to a commentator who was reporting that Japanese planes had destroyed a fighter base and other military installations near and around Manila. He also reported that a Japanese invasion force had landed on the island of Luzon and was receiving very little resistance. He was still reporting about destruction on other islands as I returned to the hangar. I was standing in the hangar's front door, watching the fighter planes and our planes landing. It wasn't long before all of our bombers had landed and the fighter planes began to land. All of this action was soon completed and most of the noise subsided. A short time later, I was attracted by a different noise.

Bombs Fall:  I looked up to see a group of planes in perfect formation coming towards the air field. I remember thinking this alert had great planning, I assumed the planes were our Navy planes. Seconds later, I heard a loud explosion. Black smoke appeared where the headquarters buildings were located. Bombs began to hit the hangar and runway, I ran to the other end of the hangar. I found a drainage ditch just outside the hangar and crawled into a culvert that went under the road. Bombs were landing everywhere and I could hear them hitting the road above me. Immediately after the bombing subsided, I crawled out of the culvert. A large drainage ditch, about eight feet deep, had been excavated around the landing strip. It offered good protection and many men had taken advantage of it. I saw fires everywhere and could see our barracks burning. I ran to the drainage ditch, arriving there just before the first group of enemy fighter planes appeared and began strafing. They were flying very low and seemed to converge on our bombers. Some of the group in the ditch had rifles and some were shooting at the fighter planes as they flew over the ditch. The raid lasted about half an hour.

I don't believe the Japanese lost a single plane. All of our planes were damaged, some more than others, two planes were completely destroyed. Our plane, in the hangar, was damaged but repairable.

Relocate: It was early evening before personnel were able to regroup and return to their assigned unit.  We were told to return to our barracks and salvage anything we could. My foot locker had not been damaged and I was able to salvage some of my bedding. Later that evening, we departed the base with everything we had salvaged. Our destination, a large plantation, was only a short distance from the base. There were numerous buildings, one in which our kitchen was established, two others became our sleeping quarters. Even though it wasn't fancy, at least we had a roof over our heads and we were away from the base.

The next morning our orders were to salvage every part that we could from the most heavily damaged planes. There was no air raid alarm system. The only activity was the maintenance being performed on the airplanes. The next day, and all succeeding days, Japanese planes would appear, strafe and bomb, trying to destroy the remaining planes. We had dug shelter holes in the jungle area just behind our plane. It became my primary duty to stand on top of the dirt revetment where I could better hear and see. At the sound of approaching aircraft, I would signal by yelling "AIR RAID" & everyone would run to the nearest shelter. The raids continued daily and were becoming more persistent and frequent.

Repairing Planes:  One or two of our planes were repaired so they could leave the base. Their destination was to the Philippine island of Mindanao & a little known air strip called Del Monte. Repeatedly, every time one of our planes was 95% repaired, it would be destroyed by the daily bombing raids before it could depart the base. I don't know what the damage was to our plane, but I believe that repairs could be made.  Maintenance crews from some of the other destroyed planes were helping with repairs.

Direct Hit: I gave the signal "AIR RAID", the bombs mere dropping so close to me that I could feel the ground shake. I remember seeing a leg, possibly from the waist down, beside the shelter. I dove into the shelter head first. After the raid was over and we crawled out of the shelter & could see what had happened to the remainder of the airman whose leg I had seen. The foliage above the shelter was covered with parts of his flesh, he received a direct hit. This wasn't the worst of my experiences, but one I remember most.

Evacuating Clark Field: This raid damaged the plane beyond repair. The Japanese invasion force was approaching rapidly, we departed this location the following day, our destination Bataan. We loaded our belongings on an 1929 model flat bed truck. We took our military fatigue clothing, shoes, blankets, canteens, mess kits, and toilet articles. Everything else was left behind, I was sure I’d be able to return to recover my belongings.

Third Line of Defense:  We departed in a convoy of trucks, the road was slow and so were our trucks. We reached a summit and started traveling down a steep grade when the truck began to pick up speed. It was obvious the driver was having difficulty controlling his speed and negotiating the curves. The truck continued on another 300 yards, ran off the road and down a canyon, where it crashed into a tree. I think everyone had either jumped or were thrown from the truck before it crashed. The truck driver was the only one seriously injured.  We picked up our belongings, loaded them on other trucks, and continued on. We arrived at our destination, beyond most of the Army units, we were in the third line of defense. We were issued rifles and bayonets and started receiving training as combat soldiers. We dug fox holes and latrine trenches and did everything possible to make for more comfort.

First Christmas, last good meal:  We were at this location on my first Christmas away from home. The kitchen personnel prepared one of the best meals we had received in a long time. I mention this because it was the last good cooked meal I would receive for the next three years. Also, during this raid, an airman who happened to be near the latrine trench decided it would make a good shelter. It created a little humor when everything else looked so bleak.

We could hear heavy firing in the distance and knew our forces were offering strong resistance.  Late one night, we were awakened and told to get ready to move out. We departed on trucks. I didn't know our destination but assumed we were heading for the front. We didn't travel very far and arrived on the coast. A ship was anchored there, and we were told to go aboard this ship. This didn't take too long and soon we were moving out to sea.

Ship to Somewhere: The ship was modern but not large, built in the U.S. and had been given to the Philippines to deliver the mail to the different islands. The next morning we dropped anchor between two small islands. We were given large tarps with which to camouflage the deck, which also provided cover and shelter for us, to appear like an old fishing barge. We were to remained anchored here for the day and continue again as soon as it got dark. No one who knew our destination, some believed we were headed for Australia.

First Attack: At sundown, the crew started to prepare the ship for departure, motors started, anchor raised, and music started to vibrate over the loud speaker system. I noticed people looking to the sky. I moved a portion of the tarp and could see three airplanes approaching. They flew directly overhead. The planes continued on a short distance, circled and started back directly over the ship, then went into a dive, each dropping bombs. The bombs exploded in the water near the ship but caused no real damage. The planes circled and came back for another run. I was laying on the deck near a large pile of rope. I remember trying to cover myself with the rope while waiting for the second attack. The ship's loud speaker was still on playing "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire".

On the second attack, one bomb damaged the ship and triggered the alarm system to abandon ship. Some personnel in the water were screaming for help. I picked up a piece of rope and threw it over the deck, I don't know if anyone used it. The planes were approaching for their next attack. No bombs were dropped this time, I suppose they were just assessing the damage. The alarm to abandon ship was still ringing and the loud speakers were still playing. I was afraid the planes would return and start strafing, I considered this to be their next attack.

I decided to leave the ship, ran to the deck railing and jumped. It was maybe 20 to 30 feet to the water. I didn't realize the damage the helmet and chin strap could do when they entered the water. I felt a violent strain on my neck and had a stiff neck for several days. The planes continued on their way out of sight. I swam to the nearest island with many others. The ship had been damaged by the bombs but made sea-worthy. The life boats returned us to the ship. it was dark and we soon departed.

Cagayan Mindanao: We traveled all night and, the next morning, docked on the island of Mindanao. The Philippine community, located near the docks, was called Cagayan. We were told to gather our gear and leave the ship. We made camp not far from the beach and only a short distance from the docks. We passed a large metal warehouse near the docks. Later we found out it was full of canned pineapple belonging to the company of Del Monte.  The Del Monte airstrip was located about 20 kilometers further inland.

Most Valuable Out: B-17 bombers would fly from an air base in northern Australia and land at the Del Monte airstrip. At the airstrip, they would be refueled, loaded with bombs, and depart on a bombing mission.  After the mission was accomplished, the plane would return for refueling and depart to their home base in Australia. These missions were all completed at night and usually consisted of only one or too aircraft. Whenever a plane needed maintenance, our unit would be called on to perform this duty. When the aircraft departed to their home base, the most valuable personnel at the air strip would depart on the plane. Our unit was rapidly shrinking, the command changed until we only had one officer left and the highest ranking NCO was the Mess Sergeant.

We were alerted one evening for a special guard detail. An old bus picked us up & we traveled down towards the docks. About every 200 yards, the bus would stop and discharge one of our unit. When I departed the bus, I was near the docks. The bus continued on down the beach discharging the remaining personnel. It was a beautiful evening, everything seemed peaceful, I hoped it would stay that way. I decided we were there because of some enemy action expected along the beach.

Three PT boats arrive: Early in the morning hours, I heard a loud noise approaching. I couldn't see anything, but, from the sound, I could tell that whatever it was, it was coming nearer. I became nervous with fright. I noticed some objects approaching toward the docks. I felt relieved because it didn't appear to be hostile. As the objects came nearer the docks, I could make out three naval craft. As soon as they reached the docks, they cut their motors; hatches opened, and I could see hurried activity coming from each craft. Two vehicles started backing down the dock toward their location. One of our sergeants motioned for me to come down on the dock and told me to help load the truck. The dock was cluttered with luggage and other items being thrown from the boats. I was busy loading the truck when one of the vehicles departed with passengers. I noticed that some luggage I was loading was marked with gold lettering that looked expensive, Immediately after the last item was loaded, the truck departed. The three PT boats now secured at the docks had been stationed near Corregidor. They had rescued General Douglas MacArthur, some of his aids, and other items of value from Corregidor. They had traveled all night to reach our location. One of our B-17 airplanes had been dispatched to the air strip at Del Monte awaiting his arrival to continue his evacuation.

The crew members from the PT boats were invited to eat and bivouac with our unit, there were nine or ten Navy personnel. During the day, they were always busy working on their boats. About the only time we would see them was during meals. One of the sailors told us that on the trip from Corregidor, a bag he was using as a pillow was loaded with millions in Philippine currency.

Move 3 mi Inland:  They decided to move our unit to an area three miler further inland. The area selected was on an elevated plateau covered with many trees and heavy jungle growth. The location was well hidden, but conditions soon became unbearable. It was hot, stifling, no breeze, and it began to rain every day. It soon became so wet and sloppy that we couldn't sleep on the ground. We used one blanket to make a hammock, and hung our second blanket across the top to make a tent. The mosquitoes were everywhere, and a swarm followed wherever you went. They were always flying up your nose and into your mouth when you were talking. Although the mosquitoes couldn't penetrate the blanket, eliminating one problem only created another, with the humidity and heat, but this was an improvement over sleeping on the muddy ground.  The rain continued, the trail to the kitchen area and the latrine trench soon became very slick and muddy. Many of our unit became sick with diarrhea and malaria. Before we were served any food, we were required to swallow three quinine tablets. Orders were, no medication, no food. These tablets had a terrible taste and could eliminate what little appetite we did have. I'm sure the importance of this medication was realized by everyone. We devised a way to overcome this taste by wrapping each tablet with toilet tissue. This commodity wasn't plentiful, but it didn't take much.

Move further Inland: We survived this location for approximately three weeks, but the number of sick was increasing, so it was decided to move further inland to a more suitable location. Our destination was a large open plateau covered with waist high grass and very few trees. We enjoyed a cool breeze each day and very few mosquitoes and soon the heavy rains decreased. Food rations, medicine, and other necessities were delivered to our unit and to the other military installations on the island on a regular schedule. These supplies were becoming increasingly limited and delivery wasn't always dependable. The food rations we were receiving at this time made it impossible for the kitchen personnel to prepare food with any variety of taste. Our Mess Sergeant was one of the best in the military service. He consistently served good food if the proper food supplies were available, his name was M/Sergeant Robinett. He was very well liked by everyone and a Sergeant I respected very much.

On occasions, we were able to acquire food on our own from the Philippine natives. They were able to gather many delicious foods growing wild in the surrounding forests. They frequently visited our unit bringing bananas, coconuts, mangoes and papayas. They were never able to carry very much, so usually the first member of our unit they encountered purchased everything they carried. They preferred to trade for cigarettes, matches, gum, candy, etc. When we tried to bargain by using Filipino currency, they always refused because there was no place to spend it.

Japanese POWs: Five of us volunteered to perform guard duty over some Japanese POW' s who were interned at one of the pineapple plantations nearby. We stayed in a building near the compound. It was comfortable and reassuring to have a roof over our heads. The plantation had been supervised and maintained under the direct ion of some Japanese farmers, They had been interned when the war started and were in a compound near the plantation. We performed guard detail in eight hour shifts around the clock.  We delivered food to the compound and the Japanese POW's prepared it as they desired. The number of prisoners was insignificant, eight or ten in all. They were always polite and friendly to us and we soon became friendly with them.

Pineapples Galore: The company of Del Monte owned and operated the plantation, and the Filipino villagers living nearby had worked for the company. It appeared that all work on the plantation ceased when the war started. Acres and acres of ripe pineapples had never been harvested. To me, it was like being in the Garden of Eden. I ate fresh pineapple every day that I remained on this detail. I enjoyed it most when we gathered the pineapple early in the morning while it vas still cold from the cool night temperatures. The fruit was so plentiful that, when sliced, we only ate the most delicious portions.

To Lake Lanao:  The five of us were selected for our last detail, the Navy PT boats crews had obtain two flatbed trucks from the company of Del Monte. They had stripped one of their PT boats to reduce weight, and loaded it on one of the trucks. They acquired gasoline stored in 55 gallon drums from the airstrip at Del Monte and loaded them on the other truck. We departed the plantation on these trucks along with the Navy personnel. Our destination was a small lake called Lanao, located in the southwest mountainous region of the island.

We made good progress on our first day of travel, then the road became nothing more than a trail. We had to cross numerous small streams, each time we encountered a bridge, we worried, could it support the weight of the truck? The truck hauling the gasoline was always the first to cross. It was much lighter and it’s cargo much more important. It was bound to happen; a bridge collapsed and the truck carrying the PT boat was lost. We had no way of making a recovery. The PT boat was to be used to facilitate movement of the gasoline when we arrived at the lake.

Moro Territory: The region was almost inaccessible, only a few different aboriginal tribes were living in this area. Occasionally, we would get a brief glimpse of one of these natives.  We were told small villages of Muslim inhabitants were living near or around the lake. We were briefed to use extreme caution when these people were near and to ensure that our weapons were always well protected.

PBY’s: We were able to acquire a barge from the Morns on which we loaded the barrels of gasoline. As soon as we made everything ready, two naval PBY sea planes landed on the lake and taxied to the barge. We were able to supply fuel an do some minor maintenance.

Nurses from Corregidor:  Later that evening, the planes flew north from the lake to evacuate the nurses from Bataan and Corregidor. Orders were for the planes to remain at the lake and continue the evacuation at their discretion as evening approached. They returned to the lake early the next morning and once again the planes were refueled. We were able to mingle with the nurses during the day and we wrote letters home which they promised to mail at the first opportunity. As evening approached, the nurses were reloaded boarded and the planes prepared for take off.

First PBY takes nurses to Australia: The first plane was successful, however, the second plane encountered trouble and had to return to the barge. The plane had collided with an object in the lake and was taking on water. It would take time to make temporary repairs. Although possible, it was doubtful if the repairs would hold under the strain of a full load. It vas decided to move the nurses to another location. They used truck to haul the gasoline to take the nurses to Del Monte Fld.

Last PBY takes off w/o nurses: There was a very small island located in the center of the lake. It was covered with trees and provided good cover for the plane while repairs were being made.  I felt lost and deserted as the final preparations and loading of the plane was accomplished. Take-off was successful and the plane soon disappeared from our view as the twilight hours emerged.

Sergeants Martin and Mitsos, decided they could save time by going through the mountains. The five of us were given the choice to either join them or return by the road we had traveled before. We all had the feeling that enemy action had increased during the time we were on this detail. Danger existed either way, we five decided to use the road and didn't join the two Sergeant s. We were given emergency food rations that had been stored on the plane before it departed.

Rejoined our unit: We finally reached the area and rejoined our unit.  A sizable number of Philippine army units were engaged in repelling the Japanese invasion force. Our unit was located a few kilometers behind the Philippine army line. Food, ammunition, and other supplies needed by the front line Filipino troops were supplied by a caravan using newly inducted army soldiers, each carrying between forty and fifty pounds. They had a tendency to drop their supplies and run at the slightest sign of enemy action. Our unit was being used to act as guards, to bolster their morale, and to insure the supplies were delivered. I was assigned to one of these caravans, the supplies were delivered and we returned without incident.

A delaying action was about the only success that could be expected from the Philippine army. They had received very little training, were poorly equipped, had limited transportation, no aircraft, and only a few guns larger than a 30-caliber machine gun. They were fighting a much better equipped, disciplined, and trained army. Two light Japanese airplanes flew over our location and the battle area dropping leaflets. The leaflets contained a message signed by General Wainwright. It asked the commanders of all the American and Filipino units to discontinue all fighting and surrender to the Japanese. It stated that Bataan and Corregidor had surrendered and that this order was issued to preserve the health and welfare of these soldiers. The thousands of soldiers who had already surrendered on Bataan and Corregidor were being deprived of food and water until all of the remaining men on the islands in the Philippine group had surrendered.

Surrender: It took approximately twenty-four hours to authenticate this message and receive surrender instructions. We were instructed to assemble in a large open grove nearby and to discard all of our weapons and ammunition. We were briefed by our unit commander concerning the surrender. He said no member of our unit could be ordered to surrender, this decis1on would be our own to make. If we elected not to surrender, we would be free to take any items available including food, medicine, weapons, etc. Myself, and both friends who were together on the Lanao mission decided to leave and try to survive in the mountains. As we were departing the area, loaded with everything we could carry, we were stopped by one of the chaplains. He told us that he thought we were making a mistake. He convinced us that survival in the mountains would be very difficult. We would face the dangers of starvation, sickness, and unfriendly natives. He felt a bounty would probably be offered by the Japanese for our deaths, or for information on our location. He said he couldn't guarantee the treatment we would receive by the Japanese. However, he believed it would be harsh, but fair.

Our plans had been changed by this encounter and we prepared to surrender with the group. All of our weapons were thrown in a large pile located at one end of the grove near a road. Throughout the day, surrendering military units continued to arrive at the grove. The Philippine soldiers were assembled on one side of the grove, and all of the Americans on the apposite side. When darkness arrived, not one Japanese soldier had been sighted. However, the next morning, we were surrounded by Japanese troops. It was difficult for me to comprehend events that took place the next morning.

PRISONER OF WAR; SURRENDER AND ESCAPE

It appeared that the Japanese had prepared and practiced a formal surrender ceremony. They marched to the center of the grove shouting orders, flashing swords, and executing maneuvers customary in a formal dress parade. The ceremony continued for at least an hour and then me were ordered to start moving out in format ion, four abreast. When we reached the road, Japanese guards joined the formation from either side. I would estimate that there were two guards for every sixteen POW’s. Our march continued without incident for the first few hours.

Stripped of valuables: As we continued down the road, the formation soon became strung out at a much greater distance. This enabled the Japanese guards to become more relaxed and less fearful of their actions, since they were unobserved by their superiors. They had noticed wrist watches, rings, and other articles some of us were wearing, that they wanted to take for their own. Moving into the line of march, they would point to the article wanted and make a threatening thrust with their bayonet. Almost everyone willingly handed over the item wanted. Of the few exceptions, the individual was dragged from the formation and beaten until he relinquished the item, or it was forcefully removed. My wrist watch was taken early in the march, an article I wouldn't need for the next two and one half years.

As the march continued, me frequently saw guards run to the side of the road and out of sight. It soon became evident that their running was due to diarrhea. The Japanese had broken into the warehouse belonging to the company of Del Monte, located on the beach near the docks. Much of the product stored there was canned pineapple juice. The Japanese were not accustomed to such a rich diet and had grossly overindulged on it and were now feeling the effects.

The line of march continued moving further inland from the beach. We passed several small groups of beef cows feeding near the road. Other cattle had been killed by strafing enemy aircraft and their remains were still visible. These animals had been imported to the island by a German firm. When the war started, they were left free to forage where they pleased, food and water vas more than ample.

Confined:  We were never allowed to rest and continued marching all day. Later that evening, we arrived at what must have once been a Philippine army training camp. A number of temporary barracks and other buildings were located here. We were ushered into a group of these barracks, separated from the Filipino army soldiers. A fence had never been constructed enclosing this military area. The only security present were the Japanese guards, but we knew we were well surrounded. The following day, we were issued rice, salt, and a limited number of other supplies with which to prepare our food. We utilized a building that had been constructed for this purpose. This food was a drastic change compared to our normal diet. However, we soon realized that this food was necessary if we hoped to survive.

The Japanese guards left us undisturbed during the first few days. Occasionally, they would enter our barracks to remove the highest ranking officers. The officers were being interrogated by a staff of Japanese officers who used an interpreter. The interrogations continued for several more days. Then, the top American officers from this group were removed from the camp and probably taken to Japan. The highest ranking officer of those remaining was installed as our camp commander. This became customary in all the prison camps.

Music: A piano was located in one of the buildings, possibly utilized for recreation. One of the American POW’s was an accomplished pianist. He played this piano every day, sometimes continuing for two or three hours. I enjoyed this music very much and looked forward to his daily concerts. One number I especially enjoyed was "Tonight We Love" and he usually played it daily. We were never allowed to congregate, but our barracks were near the building where the piano was located so we had no difficulty hearing the music. Until this time, I never realized how much I could miss the sound of music. This pleasure was lost when we departed this location and it was more than two years later before we were able to enjoy music once again.

Malabalay Prison: It was clear that the Japanese wanted to separate the Americans from the Filipino POW’s interned at this camps. A short distance away, they had located several other buildings which could be used as barracks and provided the limited essentials needed such as water, a latrine area, and a place to cook our daily ration of rice. They constructed a compound complete with guard towers and a tight, high barbed wire fence enclosing the buildings. As soon as this work was completed, the Japanese moved all of the American prisoners into this compound. It was called the Malabalay Prison Camp and was to be our home for the next six or seven months. I estimate there were less than four hundred American POW' s confined there.

One of our group went berserk. He threw his ration of rice at the kitchen personnel and, in a violent rage, started screaming and waving at the Japanese guards standing nearby. He was a well built, strong looking individual, but it didn't take the guards very long to beat him unconscious. They dragged him out of the compound and told the American camp commander that they were going to execute the man. The camp commander pleaded with the Japanese to spare the man's life, and after several hours of negotiations, an agreement was reached.

Stockade:  A small stockade was constructed inside our compound where the man could be controlled and confined. Our camp commander would be responsible for his behavior and, if it wasn't possible to control him, then the man would be executed. The stockade was built and the man was locked up in this enclosure. Everything possible was done to restore his rationality, however, this proved impossible to do. The man remained very mean and stubborn and was a menace to the people trying to feed and care for him. He survived without food and water for many days, but finally, expired from starvation.

New Guards:  The Japanese soldiers who had been guarding us were being regularly replaced by a different group of soldiers. The new guards frequently entered our barracks looking for anything of value that had been overlooked by the Japanese soldiers they had replaced. The most valuable items we possessed at this time were our clothing, blankets, and mosquito nets; some of these items of ours were taken by the Japanese guards. In an effort to safeguard these essential items, we took action that we hoped would save these much needed items. We deliberately made holes in our blankets and cut our mosquito nets, making two, and sometimes three, nets from one. We lost very little comfort in doing this, because our heads and the upper part of our bodies were the only areas that needed protection. At night, the temperature would drop, but never enough to require more than a light blanket. We never did lose any shoes, mainly because the Japanese had never been introduced to our type of foot wear.

The Japanese guards occasionally had us do minor work in or around the compound. It mainly consisted of removing all of the vegetation within the compound and clearing a sizable area next to the fence on the outside of the enclosure. One day, one of our group inside the compound approached the fence to converse with his friend who was on a work detail on the other side of the fence. The guard in the tower, who was most likely half asleep, was startled when the soldier inside the compound threw something over the fence to his friend. The guard immediately shot and killed the prisoner outside the fence and then continued firing on the fleeing soldiers inside the compound. The prisoner inside the compound was severely wounded and several others inside the barracks received injuries from the stray firing.

Groups of Ten: During the first few months of confinement in one of the Filipino prison camps, several American POW’s escaped.  We were all forcefully ushered out of our barracks and lined up in the center of the compound. The guards had positioned four or five machine guns which, if fired, would no doubt have been our total destruction.  We didn't have any idea of the purpose for what appeared to be our eventual slaughter. We stood in this formation for approximately two hours. I became so weak from fright that I was ready to collapse. I believe that the only thing that saved us from immediate death was a last minute order from the Japanese commanding officer responsible for the Philippine campaign. This order, which was immediately placed in effect, listed all POW’s in groups of ten. The names in each group were maintained by the Japanese camp commander, therefore, we never knew which list we were on. We were told that if one American POW escaped or attempted escape, then the other nine men from his group would be executed. At first, this control introduced distrust and suspicion within the compound, but this soon disappeared as other problems emerged.

Not long after this, we received information that we were going to be moved to another prison compound. It was a long, tiresome march to the coast where a Japanese freighter was waiting to take us to our next prison compound. We were crowded into the hold of the freighter and there was very little room to move. We had no toilet facilities or water, however, they did let us fill our canteens prior to boarding the freighter. It was hot, miserable and stifling in the hold. I was thankful that our time aboard the freighter was short, lasting just under three days.

Davao Penal Colony:  Conditions in the hold were deteriorating rapidly and further time aboard the freighter would have been unbearable. Our voyage was completed when we arrived in the harbor near the city of Davao, located on the southern tip of Mindanao. The prison compound was in a region of swamps and tropical jungles. It was formerly constructed as a penal institution for long term civilian offenders. Over the years, these offenders had cleared the jungle growth from a large area that was used for farming. They had planted rice, sugar cane, fruit bearing trees, and coffee and also raised chickens and caribou (water buffalo). The caribou were raised primarily for the value they contributed to the farming operations.

 

Observed during the early days of marches and confinement caused by the POW refusing to part with a cherished item of jewelry.

A typical barrack which we occupied in most of the different prison camps.

The prison was called Davao Penal Colony and was designed to be self supporting, located in an area that made escape extremely difficult. It was located about fifty kilometers from the city of Davao. We were taken there in trucks, I was in the last group to be moved. I remained on the freighter along with others, we were used to unload light cargo and other supplies from the freighter.

I noticed was a small group of Filipino civilian offenders. They were all wearing locked leg irons, chained to a heavy metal ball, which they dragged between their legs when they moved. The original inmates were soon all gone, how or where unknown.

The barracks were constructed of woven bamboo covered with a metal roof, similar to many other buildings we had previously utilized. On each side of the dirt floor, a raised platform had been constructed from rough lumber, it was here that me slept. This created a center isle which extended the length of the building. Fifty gallon metal drums mere placed on the outside of each corner of the building to collect rain water from the roof, for us to use for drinking water.

Bed Bugs: We occupied the same buildings utilized by the inmates of the penal colony. We soon found they were contaminated with lice, bed bugs, and every other vile disease known to man. Our camp commander was successful in obtaining permission from the Japanese to use fire wood for boiling water which we used to help control this hazard. We boiled the water in fifty gallon metal drums. After we boiled our belongings, we then poured the boiling water over the raised platform that me used for sleeping. This provided some relief but had to be repeated periodically, we never did eliminate the bed bugs.

The prison compound was located in an area surrounded by different farming operations. One of the largest and most productive operations was a rice plantation, located a short distance from the prison compound. Rice was planted and harvested here every month of the year. A large area had been cleared from the rain forest and had been divided into many small paddies for planting the rice. As soon as one crop was harvested, the soil was plowed and prepared for another planting. The soil was rich and ideal for growing rice and had a ready supply of water, if needed. The paddies mere approximately eighty feet square and were surrounded by a dike measuring about two and one half feet in both width and height.

Preparing the paddy for planting was accomplished by using a water buffalo, or caribou, pulling a handmade wooden plow. The caribou were lazy and slow, and we didn't try to encourage their performance. Sometimes the guards would make threatening motions with their rifles to show their displeasure, but they preferred to remain on the dikes where it was dry. We would be standing in mud above our knees and the caribou would be resting peacefully on his belly in the mud, too tired to move. The animals were so tough and unyielding it was easy to pretend that we were trying our best to get the beast to move. To prepare one paddy for planting usually required one full day, It seemed to me that the caribou’s wallowing back and forth across the paddy did more to prepare the soil than the wooden plow they pulled.

 

Preparing the rice paddy for planting using the caribou. It took a complete day to prepare one paddy.

Planting rice seedlings in the mud, using a string with positions knots to insure uniform growth.

We all had to work on many different details, but I would guess that eighty per cent of the work we did was in the rice fields. This was a large and rewarding operation for the Japanese. Every day a paddy was plowed, another paddy was being harvested. I would estimate that as many as twenty paddies were being harvested each day.

A narrow gauge railroad had been constructed from the prison compound to the rice plantation. This transportation was the only means available to reach this area because of the swampy terrain and the jungle growth.

Our camp commander received orders through an interpreter from the Japanese commander. Our commander appointed a staff to help him carry out these orders. Age and physical conditions varied considerably among the POW' s. Myself and many others were in our early twenty's while many others were nearing forty and older. The work varied as much as our ages and physical conditions Our camp commander and his staff selected the men they believed were most capable of doing the work involved on the different work details. All of the work details were rotated as often as possible to help preserve our health and to conserve our strength.

One of the most difficult work details was cutting timber from the rain forest. The trees were heavy and had to be moved manually through the tangled brush, vines and mud to the railroad tracks. The Japanese were using this timber to build shelters to protect their big guns and other weapons. This back breaking work only required eight to ten men a day; therefore, thank God, it didn't occur too often.

Almost every item that was used in our kitchen was adapted or made by using only the items which were available in our vicinity. It seems that we were always using fifty gallon drums for different reasons. So, once again, this item was adapted for use by the kitchen personnel. These drums had been used to store gasoline, which accounts for their availability. The barrels were cut so that several different sizes were usable. All of the barrels were equipped with a heavy wire handle to permit lifting and for moving them. This utensil was used daily for cooking our rice, and was also used for delivering rice in the fields, for the noon meal. This was customary on all the large work details. Another kitchen utensil that was used daily for serving the rice was made from a flat, oblong, sardine can.

We were never issued food other than the rice we were planting and harvesting. Rice was one of the most important food items in the Japanese diet, but fish was also included in their diet. This was the source for the sardine cans. A wooden bottom was installed in each can and then this was equipped with a strong, wooden handle to permit serving. Several different sizes of this utensil were made. The size of each serving container was regulated by where in the sardine can the bottom was installed. Some of the utensils were real shallow, so when rice was scarce, this would be the utensil used. Some will think, what can be so important to mention the size of a serving of rice amounting to maybe a spoonful or two? One small spoonful of rice can be very important to a POW who has been starving for a long time, I can testify to this. Each prisoner's serving was exactly the same size, this was accomplished by using another utensil to level off any excess rice above the top of the container.

One of the first work details I was on at Davao was cleaning and repairing a ditch that provided water for the rice plantation. There were two guards and eight or ten of us on this detail. We were issued shovels and marched to the area to begin work. The ditch was about six feet deep, four feet wide and contained approximately three feet of stagnant water. We were directed into the ditch by the guards to begin our work. It vas confusing trying to figure out just exactly what the Japanese guards wanted us to do. We couldn't understand Japanese, so we had to rely on interpreting their hand and arm motions. We started to trim the guards seemed pleased with the work we were doing, so we continued to work in this fashion. We worked without incident for two or three hours. Then, one of the guards came down the bank above me and began to shout and wave his arms at me. I changed the location where I was working, but that didn't help calm him down. I started to shovel mud from the bottom of the ditch and place it on the bank near where the Japanese guard was standing. This only seemed to incite his anger and he continued his shouting and raging, I was terrified and began to fear for my life, I decided that he wanted me to do something on the bank of the ditch. I started to crawl from the ditch to reach the bank when the guard slammed my head with the butt of his rifle. I fell back into the ditch unconscious and slumped to the bottom under water. One of our group, nearest me, pulled my head above the water and propped me up. I don't know how long I remained in this position, but, eventually, I recovered enough so that I could navigate, I guess I finally made the right move because the guard didn't bother me again that day.

I was selected for another work detail along with approximately twenty other POW' s. The new work area was a Japanese farm not too far from the city of Davao. We were taken to this site in a truck. However, we did have to walk a short distance to a building which had been selected for our living quarters. The wooden building which was to house us was about thirty feet long and fifteen feet wide. It was constructed on cement pillars which rose about two feet above the ground. The building had been built and used as a school house. When war erupted, it was deserted and had been vacant until our arrival. The building was enclosed by a barbed wire fence. While we were stopped waiting for the gate to be opened to enter this area, a cobra snake was spotted and killed. As we entered the area and approached the bulld1ng, another cobra was observed and destroyed.

We were taken to this location to harvest a crop of abaca. Abaca is a tropical palm-like plant that is cultivated for the fibrous hemp-like textile used to make elegant and exquisite Manila hats and rope. The crop was overdue, for harvest and had been for some time. It had grown so thick and tangled that it had to be cut by hand, using sickles. We were lined up the length of the field, cutting the crop close to the ground. As we cut the crop, we rolled it up like carpet until the roll got so large that it was difficult to move. It was then cut and another roll was started. After seeing the snakes on our arrival, I was afraid we would have to be extremely careful and alert for this danger while working in the field. We never did see another snake while we harvested the crop, although we did have to contend with many centipedes.

My encounter with a cobra came unexpectedly. An outhouse was located a short distance behind the building we used for sleeping and eating. I remember on one occasion I was sitting in the outhouse, a two holer. I must have detected an unfamiliar noise coming from the direct1on of the second hole. There, emerging from the second hole, was a big, black cobra, standing up about eye level. I must confess, my movement was sudden. We managed to kill this snake and it was the last one we encountered on this detail.

I was on a detail working around the Japanese kitchen. We were collecting trash and removing undesirable vegetation from the area, I suppose to improve appearance and show progress. Because we were so close to the prison compound, our guards seemed more relaxed and tolerant of our movement and actions. This leniency allowed me time to talk to another inmate from our prison compound. He told me he was on a permanent detail of moping the cement floor in the kitchen area where the cooking was done. He moped the floor three times a day, after each meal. There were very few permanent details and they were reserved for the older prisoners. He told me he was a Lieutenant Colonel, his name, age and said his home was in Salt Lake City, Utah. I think I remember his name but hesitate to mention it because I could be wrong. When he wasn't busy moping the floor, he spent the time killing flies. This didn't seem to be unusual until he told me he was required to account for the flies he killed each day. The dead flies were saved until the end of each day then they were weighed and the amount was recorded. When moping the floor, he added a mild solution of lye to the water. Working in this environment, with no shoes, was no doubt irritating, and was creating an unhealthy appearance, to his feet. The flesh of his feet was being eaten away by the lye and his feet had an unhealthy appearances they looked like they were extremely painful. It was many days later before I was able to talk with him again and his feet were looking much better. The Japanese had given him permission to wear some handmade wooden skivvies, which helped to elevate his feet off of the floor and gave him some protection from the lye. I don't know why this incident remains so vivid in my memory when so many other events seem so distant, even though they were more bizarre or life threatening. The only explanation I can visualize is that the work he was doing seemed so humiliating for a Lt. Colonel to be doing and we were both from the same state. This was the last time I saw the Colonel. I don't know if he was able to survive confinement and return home. I was selected for another work detail and was moved to another location, never returning to the Davao prison compound.

I was on a small detail at Davao, with two guards and five or six of us prisoners. We were cleaning out chicken coops a short distance from the prison compound. The chicken coops were all empty. I imagine the chickens had all been eaten by the inmates of the penal colony long before we were moved to the prison. I believe that when the war started, the guards and all other support personnel who were employed by the penal colony fled and deserted the prisoners. The inmates survived the best way they could, by eating anything available or in any way possible. I arrived at this conclusion because of the complete neglect apparent in all of the farming operations.

The chicken coops faced each other from both sides of a road. Behind each coop, a six feet high net wire fence enclosed an area large enough for the chickens to move about, scratch, dust, or whatever else a chicken does. Fruit bearing trees were growing in most of the enclosed areas behind each chicken coop. Our detail was divided so that we were cleaning coops on each side of the road at the same time. The net wire fence behind each building seemed to be in good repair, so the guards maintained their watch from the road in front of each building. Outside the last chicken coop we were cleaning for the day, we noticed a large avocado tree with some fruit growing on it. The fruit was small and needed many more days to mature. It had a bitter taste, but it was nourishment and we knew we needed it. We were taking turns, one man watching for the guard, one working, and one picking fruit and eating. I was taking my turn at the tree when the prisoner inside the coop signaled that the guard was coming. I started running towards the coop, trying to make haste. I took a short cut. I jumped over a shrub growing a few feet behind the building and landed on a small board that had a nail protruding from it, which penetrated the ball of my foot. We were never allowed to wear shoes outside of the prison compound. The board was stuck to the bottom of my foot. Setting down, I tried to pule the board from my foot, which allowed me a little leverage but, it wouldn't move. My lookout was watching, aware of my predicament. He yelled, "Step on it!". I stood up and stomped my free foot down on to the board, while lifting up with my other foot and, it worked. My foot was free. I was barely inside the coop when the guard ordered us out. My foot was throbbing and painful during our march back to the prison compound but, once inside, I was able to soak my foot in hot water. The bottom of my foot was tender for a few days, but I had no other complications. I'm sure the immunization shots we received prior to our overseas assignment were paying dividends.

At first we were all confident that victory would be ours within a short time and our confinement wouldn't be long. We all looked forward to our early release and were making plans for our return home. I remember I was planning on building a pickle factory. Before I joined the service, Mother and I raised cucumbers in the garden we planted in Portage. Mother canned three or four different varieties of pickles from our garden each year and we always raised a bumper crop.

We soon lost track of all time, never knowing what day or month it was. We never received any news, so we didn't know how the war was progressing. Years later, after returning home an reading about the war in the southwest Pacific, I must conclude that no news was good news. The rapid and tremendous gains the Japanese made during the first eighteen months of the war would have dashed the hopes and spirits of many American POWs. It's possible that many men's lives may have been saved by not knowing how the war was progressing. I'm sure the knowledge could have affected me adversely.

Hundreds of American service men interned by the Japanese never survived the harrowing and severe treatment they received in the prison camps. Most of these lives were lost during the first few days after their surrender and during the early months of confinement. However, I believe the three most common and Important causes of death to have been diet, lack of medication, and physical abuse. Conditions in each prison camp were somewhat different, depending on the location and climate; so I make this observation from my own experience and from the different accounts I have read.

Our diet consisted of nothing other than cooked rice, and this was always issued sparingly. We were always hungry and would steal anything edible, trying to curb our appetites. Water cress and other greens grew in abundance in the swampy areas near the prison compound. Also, there were many palm trees growing nearby with many coconuts laying on the ground under them. Our pleas to the Japanese to allow us to gather this food were always denied. Water taken from an open well had a foul taste so we relied on rain water collected from the roof for drinking.

I remember on two occasions when a small amount of fish was issued to us and cooked. Very small pieces, about the size of a kernel of corn, could be found mixed in with our rice. This happened on the Japanese Emperor's birthday, which was a holiday for everyone to celebrate and show their respect. I'm not sure, but after we were counted on these holiday mornings, it seems that we were required to kneel down and bow to the rising sun. I thought this was a small price to pay for such a delicious meal. It would be impossible for me to explain the mouth watering flavor that the fish produced in our ration of rice.

We were always aware of every time the Japanese kitchen prepared fish for one of their meals. This occurred at least once a week. Being so hungry, we could detect the odor of fish over a kilometer away. Although we knew this meal wasn't meant for us, we couldn't help the mouth watering affect it produced in our palates.

We never received any type of medication from the Japanese. Our doctors and medical personnel were able to salvage some of their medical instruments and most of their medical supplies when they were interned. This was the only medication available so it was issued very sparingly and only used when absolutely necessary. This medication prolonged life and, in the end, saved many lives.

Without the medication quinine, I'm sure I would have perished from malaria on more than one occasion. This disease was most common in the prison and affected me on at least fifteen different occasions. When chills and temperature reached the critical point, one quinine tablet would be issued. If the fever persisted after twenty-four hours, then two tablets could be dispensed. This treatment continued until the fever subsided and then all medication would be discontinued. Saving the quinine in this way increased the frequency of our encounters with malaria but the preservation of the medicine was necessary to save lives.

Beatings:  We were always subject to physical abuse. Sometimes punishment resulted from a minor infraction of stealing some type of food to eat, an item that would be considered undesirable under ordinary circumstances. At other times, we witnessed beatings and punishment of prisoners for no apparent reason other than maybe the mood of the soldier inflicting the punishment.

I witnessed many beatings, punishments and atrocities committed by the Japanese guards or their superiors. I will try to describe one in particular. The POW’s in each barrack were lined up and counted every morning and evening. The formations were all conducted using the Japanese language. The formation was called "tinko", our terminology would be "roll call". We learned to use the terminology the guards used, such as how to count, in the Japanese language. Their formations were similar to our own; about the only thing that was different was the language, such as: fall in, attention, count off, at ease, rest, and excused.

It was early in the morning and we were lined up for " tinko". We always lined up four deep and I was in the last column of the formation. Our formation had been called to attention by the Japanese Sergeant. The Japanese Camp Commander was approaching to receive the count from the Sergeant and to make his inspection. Just prior to our formation, we had received a light rain shower, In the column in front of me, I noticed a small hole in the ground with many small red ants emerging from it. The rain had disturbed the ants and they were angry. A POW was standing next to the ant hole and the ants had started to crawl up his legs. The Japanese officer making his inspection had noticed the ants and had continued to keep us standing at attention. The officer walked around our formation with his eye on the ants and the POW. By this time, both of the POW’s legs were red and covered with ants, and they were nearing his crotch. The prisoner evidently couldn't endure the pain any longer, so he reached down to brush the ants away. The officer had been waiting for this to happen. He ordered two of his guards, who always accompanied him, to drag the prisoner from his position within the formation and stood him in front of us. The officer wore hob nailed boots and always rode a horse while outside the prison compound. He approached the prisoner, drew his sword and began to swing his sword in a manner which appeared would cut the prisoner's head off. At the last moment, the sword was turned, which allowed only the flat side of the sword to strike the prisoner on the side of his face, knocking him to the ground. After he was down, the officer walked around the prisoner, kicking him in the face, head, back, and stomach, until the POW was unconscious and lay completely limp. The officer continued on to the next barrack and we were dismissed.

 

Moving the cut rice stocks for threshing. The baskets were heavy and were leaking water as they were carried down the dyke. This created a very slick and treacherous environment for our bare feet, especially from the roots and other debris buried in the dykes.

Beating occurred because the POW moved while standing at attention during roll call. He happened to be standing over an ant hole and they were angry and biting as they covered his legs.

We were subjected to long marches with no rest, food, or water. When transported, we were crammed and crowded into an area smaller than afforded livestock being hauled to market. We were deprived of sanitation, food, water, and sometimes even the air we had to breathe.

The only item of clothing we were ever issued was the G-String we wore, tied around our waist, placed between our legs, and draped over the string which was tied around our waists.

I learned to tolerate their physical abuse early on and soon lost my inherited American desire to prevail superior. We bowed to the guards and said "Hy-ty-son-benjo" (which means in Japanese: "Soldier, sir, bathroom"), when we needed to go to the bathroom. I didn't approve of this, but what could we do M-O-P (mess our pants)? We often observed the Japanese sergeants beating on their own soldiers of lesser rank for some infraction. Seeing this did help me cope and better understand some of their actions.

The barracks and the area we occupied in each was assigned as near as possible by the grade we held and then alphabetically, by name. This helped to place men close to the same age group together. This was beneficial; having more things in common made it easier to adapt and tolerate each other. A POW by the name of Keins occupied the space on one side of me. He was from Ventura, California. A POW by the name of Mosier occupied the space on the opposite side of me and he was from a small island off the coast near Seattle, Washington. The three of us became very close friends and talked freely to each other about things we did before we joined the service as well as other activities. We talked about High School, girl friends, religion, hopes and plans for the future, and anything else that we considered interesting. We talked every night after our evening meal of rice, until we went to sleep. This time soon became the most important part of the day for us and gave us something to look forward to. Our close association and frank and sincere discussions helped to cement our friendship even more closely and firmly.

Each of us was addicted to smoking and missed this pleasure. We watched the guards smoking and would try to recover their cigarette butts when they mere discarded. If other prisoners were present, competition increased. The Japanese guards enjoyed seeing this, occasionally, they would light up and discard a cigarette prematurely, with only one intention. The first prisoner's hand to reach for the cigarette butt would be severely stomped on, followed by a blow to his head from the butt of a rifle. Seeing this didn't curb our desire for tobacco, but a lesson had been learned; so, we denied the guards their pleasure by not engaging in this competition. We still looked for and gathered cigarette butts each day. It seemed we could always find enough tobacco from the older, overlooked butts. We would save these during the day and share the tobacco every night. The evenings had become a time we enjoyed and looked forward to each day.

One morning or evening, the entire prison compound was lined up in a single formation. We were standing at attention and a Japanese doctor was moving down each line of the formation selecting prisoners for a special work detail. He was selecting only the youngest and most healthy looking inmates of the prison compound. When he finished, he had selected over six hundred prisoners. Myself and both of my friends had been chosen. We were glad that we had all been selected and would still be together. We were told to gather our belongings and get ready to move.

The area we were moved to was called Lasang. We were moved in trucks which took two to three hours. We traveled towards the coast and were located somewhere near the outskirts of the city of Davao. A small airstrip had been established at Lasang. The Japanese were using the airstrip, but it was considered inadequate. The Japanese wanted to extend the runway and make several other improvements. We had been hand picked to do this work. As with every work detail, when we moved from the main prison compound, we expected to return when the work was completed. The detail was large and the work immense, so we knew our time at Lasang wouldn't be short.

Events and circumstances were beginning to change the whole complexion of the war by about May or June of 1944. At first we were not aware of these changes but, because of them, our departure from the Davao Penal Colony would be our last, we never returned.

The barracks we occupied at Lasang were similar to many others me had previously utilized and were, most likely, constructed for the Philippine Army.

The only mechanized equipment used to do this work was an obsolete wood burning steam roller and a small number of outdated and worn out trucks. The tracks were used to haul coral from the mines near the coast to the airstrip. The coral was dislodged from the mine manually using a pick and then shoveled on to the truck. The trucks would dump the coral on the runway and then it had to be moved and positioned for the steam roller to smash it into the ground.

The most undesirable work on this detail was in the coral pits. It was hot, with no way to avoid the sun, and no chance of a breeze. The gleaming sun bouncing off the shimmering white coral was blinding and made it difficult to see.

A drainage ditch approximately five feet deep and four feet wide was being constructed on each side of the runway. The largest number of prisoners were used to perform this work using shovels and wheelbarrows. The dirt removed was dumped on the runway, providing elevation to improve drainage.

We tried to impress the guard that we were working very diligently by the number of times we filled our wheel barrow. It would be moved and dumped as it was very heavy but usually never contained more than a small amount of dirt. The same procedure was employed by all of the prisoners, however, at times some became careless and were severely punished.

We were marched to the air strip to work each day, a distance of maybe two kilometers. Many former Philippine service personnel were working on the air strip too. They were no longer prisoners. Food was scarce, so they were working to get something to eat. They traveled the same road we used to get to work each day. They knew how hungry we were and often dropped pieces of coconut on the road for us to retrieve. The coconut was picked up and stashed in our G-String, between our legs, until we reached the prison compound where it could be washed and eaten, Palm trees grew wild around the air strip and the Filipinos were free to gather all the coconuts they could eat. This pleasure lasted only so long and then the guards discovered why so many of us seemed to be watching the ground and often bending down along the road to retrieve the pieces of coconut.

It was about this time that we received a Red Cross food package, a small cardboard box about twelve inches square. It was crammed tight with the most delicious food, candy, cigarettes, cards, and also contained some toilet articles such as tooth brushes, toothpaste and soap. This small box lifted our spirits and moral and gave us renewed hope. It gave us the determination to survive beyond imagination and words to describe. We hoarded this little box and rationed it to make it last as long as possible.

Each day rumors would be spread through the compound. These rumors, naturally, were all good and we hoped and prayed that they were true.

We were acting like a changed group of prisoners. I think the guards had noticed this change in us and it had started to affect their actions and treatment towards us.

The Japanese Commanding Officer always rode a horse and followed our formation back and forth to work each day. We had given him a nickname of “Little Caesar". Something new had been added: a Japanese crew carrying a machine gun was placed at the front and rear of our formation. These weapons represented a greater threat to our survival, but more importantly, they added probability to the many rumors being generated that we desperately wanted to believe.

"Little Caesar" would shout an order and the guards on each side of our formation would run to the shelter of the drainage ditch with their rifles aimed in our direction. At the same time, the machine guns would be positioned, ready to fire at us from the front and rear. Another order issued by "Little Caesar" would bring the guards out of the ditches with fixed bayonets, running and shouting towards where we lay on the runway. Most often, their bayonets would be pulled from the ground only inches from our bodies. The first time we experienced this exercise, it was very frightening and seemed life threatening. We had no way of knowing it wasn't for real and only practice for the Japanese guards. After this, we could expect this exercise to be repeated every three or four days for as long as we remained at Lasang.

We would frequently hear the noise of airplanes. The runway we were working on needed much more work for completion but the air strip was being used more and more by the Japanese. We seldom heard Japanese aircraft flying late at night. However, more often we could lay awake at night and hear the sound of aircraft. More experienced Air Force personnel swore that the noise we could hear was being made my American air planes. I listened with hope, not knowing, only wanting to believe it was true. I remembered the work I did on the crew of our B-17 and the oxygen bottles I maintained for the high altitude missions. Hearing the noise of aircraft flying late at night at first was only occasional, but now, almost every night we would hear the sound of airplanes. It was a pleasure just to hear this sound and every inmate in the prison compound would be awake listening.

The aircraft we were hearing were American and they were inflicting heavy damage on the Japanese. At the time, we didn't know this but found out much later. The rapid progress being made by the Japanese had been stopped and now the Japanese were desperately trying to defend this gained territory; receiving heavy casualties and constantly tasting defeat.

Evidently, the Japanese decided to evacuate the southern half of the island of Mindanao. They assembled an array of misfit cargo vessels and frigates. They wanted to salvage anything of value and everything possible from the islands We were included as salvage with this evacuation and were crammed aboard one of these freighters.

We traveled the distance to the coast and to the docks, where we boarded the freighter, tied together by rope. It was a crude method of security and a waste of rope but the Japanese often did things this way. We were all entirely convinced at this time that we were winning the war. At this time, escape would never have been remotely considered. The rumor being circulated was that we were being moved to be traded for an equal number of Japanese prisoners being held by the United States. Most of our inmates were able to complete the march to the docks. A truck that followed picked up the prisoners who were sick and had faltered along the way.

POW’s on Ship to Japan

We were tired, hungry and thirsty. We had been on the move for over six hours and had never stopped for food or water. Tied up at the docks, an old freighter waited for us to be loaded. We were ushered aboard and directed to an open hatch that measured approximately twelve feet square. A steel ladder was mounted to the side of this opening which gave access to the cargo space below. We descended the ladder, one by one and each step down, the heat increased. We were not never allowed to stop until we reached the bottom of the freighter. We by-passed two storage holds on our descent but maybe they were loaded with other cargo.

It was difficult to see, the only light available was coming from the open hatch on the deck above. I would estimate the temperature in the cargo space we occupied on the bottom of the freighter vas well over one hundred degrees. It was getting crowded, but still a steady stream of prisoners continued climbing down the ladder. It was soon so crowded that everyone was standing, there wasn't enough space to sit down.

The steel ladder was unbolted and removed as soon as the last man able to climb down reached the bottom. We still had to make more room for the sick and those too weak to climb down the ladder. They were lowered down in a net, using the ship's winch. We made additional room by hanging anything not immediately needed onto the bolts protruding from the sides of the freighter.

We were able to make enough room for everyone by sitting down in between each other's legs. We also had to sleep this way, by taking turns and supporting each other.

We could see the guards laying heavy planks across the hatch opening above us. The planks were placed two or three inches apart and were tied down in place with ropes. It seemed that the temperature increased with each plank placed across the opening.

We had been aboard the freighter for a short time when a loud commotion erupted on the deck above us. We could hear the guards running and shouting and, above this noise, we could hear the sound of aircraft, followed by some loud explosions. At this time, a heavy canvas tarp was placed over the planks and opening to our hold, sealing off our compartment. It wasn't long before we found it difficult to breathe. Our screams and cries for help were ignored. When the alert ended and the tarp was removed, more than half of our group was near suffocation and immobile from a lack of oxygen. The removal of the tarp revived most of the prisoners, but it took time for all to completely recover.

This procedure was to be repeated many times during our remaining days aboard the freighter. It looked more and more like this was our last move and would be our final resting place. We desperately needed water; the temperature in the hold was so hot it had robbed our bodies of what little liquid we had left.

The Chaplain was with the last group of sick and disabled POW’s who were lowered into the hold by winch. The room made for them was near the center of the hold we occupied. I believe the Chaplain’s name was LeFleur. I think he was a Lt. Colonel, but I'm not sure of this. He Immediately saw the difficulties and hardships we faced and started to issue instructions to help control and alleviate these conditions. From this time forward, the Chaplain assumed control and we tried to comply with all of his instructions. Groups of twenty men mere established among the prisoners occupying the same area. One man was selected to be in charge of each group and each group was identified by a number, there were over thirty groups established in all.

Our ration of food and water was lowered to us by rope and then divided for each group under the direction of the Chaplain. When a group's number was called, this group could pass forward one container to receive the ration for the entire group. The container was then returned to the group almost immediately and then divided once again so that each prisoner received an equal amount. The ration was so small and yet so important, providing nourishment to twenty starving POW' s. Final division was accomplished by using a table spoon which insured that each man received an equal amount.

We heard the engines being started and soon could feel the vibrations and movement as the freighter departed the harbor. We were in a convoy of other vessels, how many I don't know, but I remember seeing many different freighters and other vessels in the harbor when we first arrived at the docks.

The rations we received were deplorable; never exceeding more than four or five tablespoons of water or rice each day. We were so thirsty that many prisoners tried to trade their ration of rice for a ration of water, but it was never accepted. We could dampen our lips and mouth a few times each day, hoping and praying that our ration of water would be increased the next day, but it never happened. I hate to think of the disorder and violence that could have erupted among prisoners who were starving for food and water without the supervision and organization established by the Chaplain. Each ration was lowered separately, most often hours apart, but water was always the first ration we received each day.

Another needed convenience the Japanese provided us with was their elaborate bathroom facilities. They lowered two buckets to us by rope which were passed among the various groups. The first encounter with these buckets was gratifying and utilized by a number of prisoners. The guards got their pleasure in pulling the buckets up to the deck by seeing how much they could slop and spill down on to us through their actions. Because of the pitiful ration of water and rice we received each day, these buckets were seldom needed after the first few days.

It seemed to be somewhat coolers the movement of the freighter combined with the dropping night-time temperatures were responsible for this. We never knew our destination but it was reassuring to be moving. Any change would be welcome and we hoped would bring us some relief to the adverse conditions we faced aboard the freighter. We had to believe that any destination would bring us some relief from the thirst, hunger and crowded conditions and we would never again have to worry about having enough fresh air to breathe.

Our progress was slow; we followed a zig-zag course, following the contour of the southern half of the island of Mindanao. The island offered additional protection for the convoy and they were taking advantage of this. Our convoy had been under attack from the first encounter we experienced in the harbor at Davao. Each time the convoy came under attack, the rain tarp was placed over the opening again and we suffered from the lack of air. Often, the action was not near the freighter we occupied but, still the opening to our compartment was closed off with the rain tarp.

The shortage of food was very disturbing but the shortage of water was so much more important that food vas forgotten. Now we were being deprived of the most available ingredient required to maintain life; taking away our chance to breathe. At times I'm sure we were only minutes away from life or death. We were so devastated, about the only hope we possessed was being able to breathe. We had almost lost our desire to live, unaware if it was day or night.

            We had been traveling approximately twelve days when we entered the harbor of Zamboanga, a peninsula on the southwest tip of the Island of Mindanao. We remained in the harbor at Zamboanga for several days. During this time, we were transferred from the freighter we had been aboard to another freighter called the Shinyo Maru. We received a much needed shower while on the deck by a hose as we were making this transfer. It has been reported that approximately one hundred additional POW's were loaded on to our freighter at Zamboanga. We were not aware of this but, if so, they were placed in a different location than ours on the freighter.

            It seemed that our rations of food and water increased considerably while we were in the harbor at Zamboanga. The rain tarp was never employed, and this kindled a spark of life and hope among the prisoners. We departed Zamboanga with renewed hope and with the determination to survive. This contentment and hope only lasted a very short time.

Under Attack

            The convoy seemed to come under, attack more often. Just one day after leaving Zamboanga, conditions on the freighter deteriorated back down to the level we had endured before. Alerts had increased and now the rain tarp was being used even more frequently, three or four times a day. Our rations of rice and water returned to the same amounts which had been established earlier on the freighter. These rations were very important but our biggest concern was the fear of suffocation.

            Before our arrival at Zamboanga, the attacks on the convoy were all from aircraft. Thank God they didn't last too long. We had hopes that we had survived the most dangerous region of travel, that the attacks would stop and conditions improve, this hope was destroyed almost immediately after leaving the harbor..

            On the fourth or fifth day, the freighter we were on became the primary target for attack. The rain tarp was pulled over the opening above us. We could hear the guards on deck running and shouting orders. The next noise we heard was quite unusual. Above all the other commotion, we could hear a machine gun firing. We couldn't understand what they could be shooting at with a machine gun. The reason became clear to us almost Immediately. A loud explosion shook the freighter and we knew that a torpedo had found its target. The damage occurred a short distance from our hold but, almost immediately, we could feel that the freighter was sinking. All other movement ceased. My concern at this time was death and drowning. I didn't want to suffer any more, I had suffered enough. I closed my eyes and opened my mouth, determined to drown myself by drinking the sea water. I didn't want to struggle.

            The Chaplain stood up and started to recite the Lord's Prayer. It was unbelievable how quiet and peaceful it was in our hold. It seemed that everyone was listening to the Chaplain; all seemed to be determined to die without a struggle. The Chaplain had barely finished the prayer when a violent explosion erupted in the hold we occupied. The concussion must have rendered me helpless for a short time. I regained consciousness with the sensation of being in the water. Looking up, I could see blue sky. Many of the planks and much of the tarp had been ripped away by the concussion created by the explosion. In this short time, I had also noticed several pieces of rope used to tie the planks down were hanging into the hold. All of this happened in a matter of seconds. I could feel many hands clutching my body, trying to reach the surface. I was soon pulled under water. The blue sky and the damage I had observed gave me strength and the desire to try to survive. The water was rising rapidly. I managed to struggle and reach the surface once again. I knew I couldn't maintain this position for more than a few precious moments, but I was determined to grab one of the ropes I had seen dangling in the water. This I managed to do Just as I was being pulled under for the second time. At first, the rope didn't appear to be tied to anything above, I was rapidly returning to the bottom. The last sensation I remember was someone's feet on both of my shoulders, pushing me deeper into the hold. At last the slack in the rope disappeared and it held tight. At times, I'm sure that at least five or six other POW's were holding on to my body, trying to gain access above the water. As long as the rope remained secure, it required little effort for me to remain on the surface and to support others who were striving to survive. Because the freighter was sinking, the water rose very rapidly inside the hold and we were soon on deck.

            The first thing I remember was hearing shooting, then I noticed several bodies sprawled on the deck which was red with blood. The deck of the freighter was tilted quite steeply in the direction of the damage caused by the torpedo. Two life boats were maintained on each side of the freighter next to the cabins above deck. The shooting was coming from guards who were standing in one of the life boats as it was being lowered into the water. I knew I had to act fast. I ran to the side of the deck and dove into the water. I didn't surface right away. While under water, I turned and swam back until I had reached the side of the freighter. felt safe near the life boat being lowered. The guards doing the shooting were directly above me. Using the side of the freighter for protection, I started moving toward the rear. The freighter was sure to sink and I didn't want to be near It when this happened. Near the tail end of the freighter, I noticed four or five guards In the water, coming in my direction. They had seen the life boat being lowered and this was their destination. They were still dressed in their complete uniforms, which was hindering their movements. I went under water, swimming in their direction. I had lost my G-String getting out of the freighter so I was completely naked. I knew that I could move much faster than the guards, dressed as they were. I believed they would also offer me extra protection from the shooting coming from the life boat above. The first time I surfaced, I found myself among the Japanese guards. They seemed more concerned with their own safety and had no interest in me. I went under water again, swimming as hard as I could. I wanted to put as much distance as possible between me and the sinking freighter. I utilized every swimming ability I had acquired to help me increase my distance from the freighter.

            At last I felt somewhat safer with my head above water. When I looked to the west, the sun appeared to be floating on top of the water. I looked back at the freighter and could see it sinking. In a matter of minutes, it was no longer visible. Looking to the east, I could see land at a distance of perhaps fifteen to twenty miles. The waves and tide seemed to be moving in this direction. I noticed an object approaching me in the water that appeared to be something I could use. It proved to be a mattress and I moved to retrieve it. My guess would be that the guards had been using these to sleep on the deck next to their guns. I was thankful to have found such a valuable item.  It would support most of my weight and would also furnish covering for my naked body if I reached land.

            I could see several different naval vessels in the water to the north of my position. I noticed one of these vessels moving about occasionally stopping, then I could hear the sound of gunfire. I soon realized the danger; they were picking up the Japanese survivors from the water and shooting the prisoners. One of the vessels came nearer to my position each time it moved and stopped. The tide and the waves had been moving me in its direction. Placing one arm on the mattress, I started using my other arm to swim against the tide. Each time I stopped to rest, I hid my head behind the mattress as well as I could. I was sure that my only hope of staying alive was to remain unobserved.

            It was getting quite dark and I was thankful, hoping that I wouldn't be seen. I was afraid to move my head above the mattress. It was quite some time before I ventured to see what was happenings I hadn't heard any firing or other noise during this time. I was saved; I could see the vessel moving off in another direction.

            For a brief moment I realized that I was no longer a prisoner. After more than two and one-half years, I was free! I didn't know where I was or what the future would bring, but I felt confident that nothing could be more devastating than the treatment and conditions we had endured aboard the freighter. We were all near death. It's doubtful if any of us could have survived many more days. I thought about sharks but didn't dwell on this. I realized there was nothing I could do but hope for the best.

            I utilized the mattress by resting as I shifted from side to side. The night air was refreshing, but it made me aware of how thirsty and hungry I was. I hoped that I could do something about this when I reached land. The night seemed endless, but, otherwise, uneventful.

            As daylight approached, I was nearing the beach. To the right I could see coral protruding above the water. The distance to the beach was much nearer in this area, however, it looked like a dangerous place to be. The strength of the tide was splashing the waves over the coral. The beach to my left was a greater distance, but the approach to it appeared to be less dangerous.

Swimming towards the coral seeking protection from the shooting coming from the beached Japanese freighter.

            I could see an object on the beach but I was unable to identify what it was, it was still early morning so I continued to move in the direction that appeared to be the safest. The light improved as daylight advanced. I could see the object on the beach was a freighter similar to the one we had been aboard. It appeared to be beached and deserted so I continued moving in this direction. I maintained my watch on the freighter, looking for any sign of movement but there didn't seem to be any. When I was

approximately three hundred yards from the beach, I noticed two individuals emerge from the water several yards in front of me. They started walking up the beach towards the shore. At this time, a machine gun on the beached freighter began firing at the two as they ran, seeking cover. They continued running until they vanished from sight among the trees that lined the beach. I had drifted with the tide during this time and now found myself much nearer the freighter. I released the mattress and started swimming towards the coral. The enemy soon spotted me in the water and started shooting in my direction. I swam underwater as much as possible, but, each time I surfaced, I could see bullets striking the water around me. I finally reached some coral that emerged above water, large enough to hide my head. I took advantage of this; it gave me protection and a chance to rest. I remained hidden until the machine gun stopped firing. Using the coral for protection, I began moving towards the beach. The waves seemed much stronger. As each one approached I would have to hold on tightly to keep from being cut to ribbons on the coral. I was able to protect the upper part of my body, but my legs were taking a beating. I finally managed to reach the shore line. My distance from the freighter was somewhat greater; however, I decided to increase this even further before I made my dash to reach the cover provided by the trees.

            As soon as I gained this protection, I started looking for the two individuals I had seen emerge from the water. From their appearance and dress, I was sure they had also escaped from the same freighter as I had. I was surprised to find them as soon as I did. They were sitting on the ground, still near the beach, eating coconuts. I drank the milk-like fluid from a coconut they offered me. One of them was wearing a double G-String, one on top of another. He removed the outer one and gave it to me to wear.

            My legs looked bad from the cuts, bruises, and scrapes caused by the coral. Already, they had started showing signs of swelling. My two new-found friends had both received damage to their ear drums from the explosions. Their ears were showing signs of weeping and they both complained of the pain.

            We were near a trail that appeared to be used quite often. We decided to stay hidden next to the trail hoping It would be used by someone who could help us determine where we were. It was an hour or more, but then we heard something coming on the trail. A man was riding a caribou and he seemed to be in a hurry. He didn't appear hostile and he very much resembled a Filipino. We stepped out on the trail where he could see us. At first, he appeared ready to run, but when we spoke to him, he realized who we were and knew we were friends. He told us we were still on the island of Mindanao on the peninsula of Zamboanga. He informed us there were no Japanese troops in the area but a large number of Japanese, including an air base, were located near the city of Zamboanga. The peninsula was a long, narrow strip of land, comprised of mostly mountains and thick forests. No road had ever penetrated this region, therefore; the Japanese had left it undisturbed.

            We departed with the Filipino, taking turns with two riding the caribou and two walking. By midday, we left the trail and entered an area where the Filipino had built one of his evacuation homes. It was nothing more than a one room shack with a roof over it We stopped here for some much needed rest and some food, consisting of rice and sinnimoes. (minnows). The fish were more than an inch in length including head and tails, didn’t look too appetizing, But, they added flavor to the rice and we enjoyed this meal.

            After we had finished our meal, we continued to travel. We had been constantly gaining altitude since leaving the beach. It was late afternoon before we reached our destination. It was a small community of Philippine families. They were already aware of the disaster we had survived. They had organized a rescue effort, scouting the beach looking for other survivors. These survivors soon started to arrive and continued arriving throughout the night and most of the next day. Some dead bodies were found and were buried on the beach. When the rescue effort ended, our number totaled eighty-three survivors. We were all in need of immediate medical attention. More than half had both ear drums busted. Several had deep scalp wounds where they had been creased by bullets fired upon them while they were in the water. I remember seeing three other men with very severe leg wounds, most likely caused on the freighter by shrapnel from the Torpedo. Others, including myself, had received less threatening wounds from bullets fired while they were making their escape. A bullet had creased the side of my foot, which I wasn't aware of because of the other injuries I had received from the coral. My legs were now almost double their normal size due to the poison and swelling.

LK-BK10  Philippine natives providing food and other medical aid that was available.

            A young girl gave me a pair of her slacks to wear, which I was most thankful for. They gave me comfort and much relief from the flies. The Philippine families were trying to provide as much comfort and care for our needs as possible. They didn't have any medication or medical supplies, so they used anything available, trying to provide some comfort for us.  Large banana leaves were used to wrap some of the most serious wounds, between treatments of sponging and cleansing provided by water. Personnel with damaged ear drums were heating sticks in fires until they were bright red with heat and then were held next to their injured ears.  The heat helped to relieve the pain and provided some healing.

            One of the most seriously wounded men passed away sometime the next day. We had become a burden on the Filipino people who were caring for us. They all had families of their own who were being neglected. Many were not living in the immediate area and had to travel several kilometers each day to provide us with care. To help relieve the burden that had been placed on these families, it was decided that many of us with less serious injuries could best by cared for in the homes of these families. This eliminated the time spent in traveling and gave them more time to care for their own. The only care many of us needed was food and shelter, we couldn't expect more.

            We had received information that our time here would be short. I never could understand how communication was achieved so easily and simply. The method they used was so effective, they didn't need telephones. Important information would travel rapidly over great distances and was soon available to all concerned. The Navy operated a radio station nearby maintaining contact with a group of submarines operating in the surrounding area. We were never informed of this but, I feel confident in making this statement. We could expect rescue by submarine at any time, which would move us to an area where proper medical attention would be available.

            Three of us were adopted by one of the families and taken to their home, a distance of maybe two kilometers. Their home was built on stilts, above ground, which was the customary style for all homes in this area.

            These homes had been built as temporary shelter, therefore, limited time had been involved in their construction. Their home consisted of one large room that could be divided into separate sleeping area by bamboo drapes, suspended on wire. We slept on mats placed upon the floor. The family consisted of two young boys, approximately five and seven years old, and a younger daughter.

            Myself and the two friends I had joined on the beach were still together. The parent's insisted that we use the mosquito nets which their children were using. This, of course, we refused to do. They were feeding a small pig, which was maintained in a pen under the home. Scraps of food from meals were dropped through a hole in the floor for the pig below to eat. The parents told us the pig would be killed for a feast on our last day with them. The parents were continually showing their respect and love for American servicemen. They were so generous, we were always refusing the many things they wanted to do for us.

            It was peaceful during the short time we lived with this family. Only on one occasion did we hear the sound of aircraft, but it was far from our location. There was a small stream located nearby; I spent much time in the stream soaking my swollen legs. I could see that the swelling and rash was receding. Sometimes, my friends joined me at the stream, although most of the time, they remained near a fire holding heated sticks next to their ears.

            I woke up one morning with chills and fever. I knew the symptoms immediately from the many times I had already endured the stress of Malaria. I spent most of the day piling on bedding, trying to keep warm. I had lost my appetite and ate very little this day. The following day, my fever and chills increased. I didn't feel like eating anything but I did manage to drink some warm chicken broth that was prepared for me.

LK-BK8  This is the way I was moving to the designated area to be rescued by the submarine.

            The next day we were taken to a beautiful beach with deep waters. A submarine would surface off the beach at this location and we would be taken aboard the submarine.

            Because of my weakened condition, it was decided to move me on a travois, pulled behind a caribou. The other two men could take turns riding the caribou. Each day, my condition declined. I considered my only hope now was the submarine and the medication I desperately needed would be available there. We departed from our adopted Filipino home sometime the next day. I never did know if the pig was killed for a feast. I was too sick to care or to ask. Each time we crossed a stream, I would get wet, but It didn't bother me. All that seemed important was the distance we traveled, the time I couldn't waste, bringing me closer to the medication I desperately needed to survive. When we reached our destination, many others were already there. Some had transported their fishing boat to help move us from the beach to the submarine.

            It was late afternoon when we were informed that we would be picked up the following day. I had received no food or water during the day. I was too sick and weak to be hungry. I received constant attention from the Filipinos and surviving POW's from the prison boat. They propped me up to give me food and water. I wasn't hungry but I knew I needed the nourishment. I managed to swallow a few spoonfuls of rice and a small amount of water, but it wouldn't stay down. There were others on the beach like me, immobile and helpless; each having different injuries or other ailments. I believe I was the only one suffering from malaria and so feeble and weak that I couldn't eat.

            The submarine didn't appear this day. It was disappointing to all but for me, it was like losing my only chance for medication that I prayed would save my life. I remember very little about the next day. Different varieties of food and other nourishing fluids were tried, hoping to find something that my stomach would tolerate. Everything I swallowed returned almost immediately. I was told that I was delirious most of the next day between periods of consciousness and semi-conscious, restless sleep. No one could understand the vibrations I mumbled or my incoherent speech. Another day was gone and the submarine didn't arrive.

            I only remember one unforgettable event that occurred the next day I must have been holding on to a very thin strand of life, separating me from a place I wasn't ready to go. I was roused by someone telling me that the submarine had arrived. I was propped up where I could see the ocean. I could make out a very large, black object in the water. It was some distance away, but to me, it resembled a small island where before only water had existed.

            A picture that I will never forget is still stamped permanently in my mind. Two sailors were approaching to pick me up and carry me to their boat. Their bodies were bare above the waist and they were well tanned. Their size was impressive, with huge arms, muscles, shoulders and chests. They resembled health and strength, the likes of which we POW's had almost forgotten. I will never forget this moment or the picture I remember.

            When we reached the submarine, they tied a rope around my waist to lower me down the narrow hatch to the waiting arms below. The medical personnel on the submarine were aware of my condition and symptoms soon after I arrived below. I faintly remember receiving a shot in both of my hips before I was put to bed. It was over two days later before I woke up again. My fever was gone, I felt very weak, but I was much improved. A sailor from the kitchen area asked me if I wanted something to eat. I asked if they had any canned fruit on board. He left to find out and returned with a large can of peaches. It was delicious and I had no difficulty in consuming the whole can.

            My health and strength improved daily from this time. Many of the POW's who were trying to feed me and keep me alive on the beach were now congratulating me on my recovery. Some told me they never expected me, to be alive by the time the submarine arrived. believe when a person's health sinks to the condition I had experienced, time can be encountered on either side separated by only a very minor ingredient such as prayer.

            The first music I was to hear and enjoy in over two years came aboard the submarine. I still remember both selections that were played; "Born to Lose” and "No Letter Today”. The first time I heard this music, tears began to roll down my cheeks. I suppose they were tears of happiness, but it took the sound of music to trigger their release and make them flow.

            The submarine we were on was called the Narwhal. It was one of the largest submarines the navy had in operation at this time. It was equipped with radar and other modern equipment which we were not familiar. We traveled on the surface when it was considered safe, which was most of the time. Any image appearing on radar was considered an enemy and we would dive and travel submerged. I'm not sure, but I think we were aboard the submarine for about eight or nine days.

            We docked at a forward island base north of New Guinea. Personnel had been alerted and were awaiting our arrival. We were taken to a large building equipped with a barber shop, showers, and military clothing. We discarded the rags we were wearing, received hair cuts, shaves, showered and then received new clothing. That evening we were served a delicious meal and were taken by bus to see our first open-air, outdoor movie. I don't  remember the movie's title, I had received too much excitement to absorb in just one day.

            The following day, we were picked up by bus and taken to a small airstrip. Airplanes were waiting to fly us to Brisbane, Australia. We spent more than two weeks in a military hospital at Brisbane where we received a debriefing and a thorough medical examination. Our eyes, ears and teeth were examined and any necessary medical attention was performed. Everyone needed dental work, our teeth were in bad shape from lack of brushing, toothpaste, and other care.

            All of the most seriously wounded POW's that couldn't be helped at this hospital were immediately airlifted to the United States where this help was available. We followed on a large transport ship. Sometime later, around September 1944, along with many other military personnel, when we arrived in San Francisco, all the POW's aboard were invited to a welcome home party to be held in our honor at the White House in Washington, DC. Many of the POW's, whose homes were on the East Coast or in this area, elected to attend the party. My mother was living in Ogden, Utah, so I declined and bought a ticket on a passenger train leaving for Ogden, Utah. To attend would delay me by four or five more days before I would get home, so I declined the party invitation.

Sgt Lyle Knudson, 1944 Fort Douglas Utah

            I managed to survive the time I spent as a Japanese Prisoner Of War as well as the disaster that followed, enabling my escape. When I was discharged, I was rated one hundred per cent disabled. I tried to resume a new and normal life after leaving the service, but I never did overcome the habit of smoking in bed. Just before going to sleep, I remembered my friends and the times we enjoyed each evening and I couldn't sleep without having this memory and my cigarette. My location, circumstance or the passing of time didn't seem to make any difference.

            In 1947, the Air Force offered me an opportunity to waive my disability and re-enlist in the service; granting me privileges unheard of and never available before. I accepted their generous offer and re-enlisted, retiring 30 June 1965 with just over twenty three years of service. During all these many years, I still practiced the ritual of smoking in bed each evening before I went to sleep.