W-NG01-Societies- 250KBC-500
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Africa & Mid East |
Europe |
Asia & Oceana |
Americas |
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250000 Modern humans
emerge in Africa. 100000 Modern humans
migrate to the Middle East. 7250 Catal Hoyok in
Anatolia reaches a Population of 6000. 3200 Sumer, the first civilization.
emerges in modern-day Iraq. 3100 Menes unites Upper and Lower Egypt |
230000 Neanderthals-Homo erectus-appear in Europe , 40000 Modern humans
-Homo sapiens-arrive in Europe, living along-side Neanderthals, 28000 Neanderthals
become extinct in Spain. 7000 Farming tribes spread from Anatolia into Greece and
northward. 5400 Bandkeramik culture develops in Europe. |
72000 Modern humans
arrive In Southeast Asia and China. 60000 Modern humans
reach New Guinea and Australia by boat. 28000 The Solomon
Islands are settled. 1200-8000 Ceramic arts
begin in Japan. 10000C Agriculture develops in the Yellow River Valley and other sites in China. |
16000 Humans cross the
Bering Strait to Alaska. Native Americans are likely present. 14000 Humans arrive in
South America. By 11000 they reach Chile. 11500 The Clovis culture
begins in North America’s Great Plains. 3750 Fishing villages
are established in Peru. 3500 The Haida culture begins in Canada. |
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3000 Phoenicians settle
the Syrian coast. 3000 The Hittites
migrate into Anatolia. 2660-2180 Egypt’S Old Kingdom period . 2080-1640 Egypt’s Middle Kingdom period. 1960 Egypt invades
Nubia. 1792 Hammurabi expands Babylon to include Sumer. |
3000 Passage graves are built throughout England, Ireland, and
northern France. 3000 Danubian cultures
flourish in central Europe. 3000 Lake Dwellers
settle along lakes in an alpine arc from France to Slovenia. 2000 The Minoans on Crete emerge as a civilization. |
3000 Neolithic villages
along the Indus River of modern-day Pakistan and western India develop into
large cities. 3000 Austronesian people
migrate from Taiwan to the Philippines. Village life is established in China along the Yellow River, the Yangtze River delta, and the southeast coast. Xia. Shang. and Zhou dynasties emerge |
3000 People settle in
the Great Lakes region and Louisiana In North America- 3000 Agricultural
villages appear in Mexico. Honduras. El Salvador. 3000 Fishing villages
become established along the Peruvian coast By 1800 they build ceremonial
centers. 2800 Farm villages form in the Amazon region. |
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1505 Queen Hatshepsut
becomes ruler of Egypt. 1500 Ugarit's ships rule
commerce in the Mediterranean. 1490-1436 Tutmosis III of
Egypt expands the empire to Palestine, Syria, and Nubia. 1300 The Hebrews
establish the kingdom of Israel. 1298-1232 Ramses II rules Egypt. |
1450 Mycenaeans on mainland Greece establish settlements in Anatolia. Sicily, and southern Italy. They also take control of Crete, ending Minoan civilization. |
1500 Aryan-speaking
Indo-Europeans move into India. Harappan civilization declines, perhaps
because of drought, and its cities are abandoned. 1500 The Jomon period in
Japan reaches its peak. 1500 The Lapita exchange network in the western Pacific is formed. |
1500 Olmec culture
develops in the modern states of Veracruz and Tabasco in Mexico. 1500 Nomadic Chichimeca
people expand in northern Mexico. 1300 People at Paverty Point in the Mississippi Valley construct a complex of earthworks. in the center of which is a plaza for ceremonies. Traders and artisans work there. |
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1180 The Hittite
homeland in Anatolia is invaded, ending the empire. 1174 The 12 tribes of
Israel, ruled by judges meet at the sanctuary of Shiloh to agree on a united
front. 1173 The Elamites sack
Babylon. 1125 Israelites fight against the Canaanites in the Battle of Megiddo. |
1200 Proto-Celtic people
of Indo-European origin settle in central Europe. 1200 Dorian-speaking Greeks
arrive on the Peloponnesus. 1150 The Mycenaean civilization declines in mainland Greece. |
1200 The Shang dynasty in China is showing signs of turmoil. |
l200 People along the
California coast sustain their communities through marine life. l200 Olrnec civilization is at its peak with a monumental ceremonial complex of huge pyramids, temples. And palaces at San Lorenzo. |
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1100 Incursions by
Aramaeans into Assyria and Babylon destroy both countries. 1075 Chaos marks the end
of the New Kingdom period in Egypt. 1050 Samuel, the prophet
and last of the judges. becomes ruler of Israel. 1025 Saul becomes king of Israel. |
1100 Indo-Europeans stream into Italy from the north, among them the Latin. the Sabine, and the Samnite tribes. |
1100 Austronesians
settle the islands of Tonga and Samoa. 1045 The shang dynasty is toppled by a challenger from northwestern China. who founds the Zhou dynasty. |
1100 The Chavin de Huantar people in the Andes in South America organize in a complex society around a religious cult and construct a large temple. |
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1000 David becomes king of Israel. Uniting Judah and Israel. 1000 Indo-European Medes and Persians migrate from Central Asia
to Iran. 960-925 Solomon succeeds
his father David, At his death. his sons split Israel in two. 920 The Assyrians begin to reconquer lost territories. |
1000 Proto-Etruscans develop independent city states between the
Arno and Tyber rivers in Italy. 1000 Greeks migrate
across the Aegean Sea and colonize parts of Asia Minor. |
1000 Aryans in India settle into permanent communities between
the Himalayan foothills and the Ganges River. Regional kingdoms form in
northern India. 1000 Zhou kings rule the
"central kingdom and apportion rule of outlying territories to their
kin, granting titles of nobility as they confer the right to rule. |
1000 The Pinto Indians
establish settlements in California. 1000 In the Ohio River
Valley, the Adena people form an agricultural society. 1000 The Cochise culture
dominates the area of modern-day New Mexico and Arizona. |
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900 The Nubian kingdam
of Kush establishes its capital at Napata. 883-859 Under King
Ashurnasirpalll, Assyria regains its lost land and becomes again a great
power in Mesopotamia. 876-869 King Omri rules
in Samaria. Israel. 859-824 Assyrian King
Shalmaneser III invades Syria. He is stopped by a coalition including Israel. |
900 The Etruscans
develop a rich culture, states between the Arno spreading farther out and
Tiber Rivers in Italy. along present-day Tuscany. Latium. And Umbria in
Italy. 900 Greek traders, the
Euboeans, found colonies on the west coast of southern Italy. 885 Lycurgus creates the
laws and institutions of Sparta in Greece. |
900-800 During the Zhou
dynasty, craftsmen excel in producing artistic bronze wares, which are prized
and traded beyond China's borders. |
3000 People settle in
the Great Lakes region and Louisiana In North America- 3000 Agricultural
villages appear in Mexico. Honduras. El Salvador. 3000 Fishing villages
become established along the Peruvian coast By 1800 they build ceremonial
centers. 2800 Farm villages form
in the Amazon region. |
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800 Assyria embraces
Mesopotamia. Syria, Palestine, and parts of Anatolia. 750 The Phoenician
colony of Carthage in North Africa develops into a hub of trade for the
western Mediterranean. 750 The Nubian kingdom
of Kush conquers Egypt and rules for 100 years. 721 Israel falls to
Assyria, Hebrews are exiled. |
800 The Celts move into
England. 800 The city of Rome is
founded in central Italy by Romulus and Remus. 800 Independent
city-states develop in Greece; foremost among them are Sparta and Athens. 750 Scythian horsemen
sweep in from the east, moving into the Crimea and the Dnieper and Danube River
regions. |
771 Nomads attack the
Zhou. forcing them to move their capital east to Luoyang, and dividing China
into the eastern Zhou and western Zhou kingdoms. |
1500 Olmec culture
develops in the modern states of Veracruz and Tabasco in Mexico. 1500 Nomadic Chichimeca
people expand in northern Mexico. 1300 People at Paverty
Point in the Mississippi Valley construct a complex of earthworks. in the
center of which is a plaza for ceremonies. Traders and artisans work there. |
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700 Mounted horsemen-Cimmerians
and Scythians-sweep into the Middle East. 664 Assyrian king Sargon II falls
in battle. 664 Assyrians drive
Nubians out of Egypt. Nubian kings move their capital from Napata south to
Meroe. 647 Assyrians vanquish
the Elamites in Iran. 614 Assyria collapses. |
700 Athens and other
city-states in Greece become centers of learning. Maritime trade brings
riches to Athens. 700 Etruscans in
northern Italy become prosperous because of their mineral wealth, trading
with Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, and Greece. 616 The Etruscan
Tarquinus Priscus becomes king of Rome. |
700 With the decline of
the Zhou dynasty, China is torn by a power struggle between rival
semi-autonomous states in what becomes known as the Spring and Autumn states. |
l200 People along the
California coast sustain their communities through marine life. l200 Olrnec civilization
is at its peak with a monumental ceremonial complex of huge pyramids,
temples. And palaces at San Lorenzo. |
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587 Nebuchadrezzar II
sacks the kingdom of Judah. Many people are carried off as captives to
Babylon. 558-529 Cyrus the Great
rules Elam and Persia and conquers Media, Asia Minor, and Babylon. The Jews
are permitted to return to Jerusalem. Cyrus's son Cambyses gains Egypt. 552 Darius I succeeds as
ruler of Persia. |
594 Solon of Athens
Greece. Introduces reforms that allow all free citizens to participate in
government. He is called "the father of democracy. " 509 The Romans drive the
Etruscans out of Rome. establish the Roman Republic. And conquer Etruscan
cities |
600 Small kingdoms vie
for power in India, but none achieves domination. 560 Siddhartha Gautama
is born in the foothills of the Himalaya; he is later known as the Buddha and
introduces Buddhism. 520 Northwestern India
is conquered by Persia. |
1100 The Chavin de
Huantar people in the Andes in South America organize in a complex society
around a religious cult and construct a large temple. |
Classic Age 500 BCE – 500 CE
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Africa & Mid East |
Europe |
Asia & Oceana |
Americas |
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500 Semitic people from Arabia migrate to Ethiopia and Eritrea
and set up a trade network. 486 Achaemenid Emperor
Darius I is succeeded by Xerxes, who prepares an invasion of Greece. 450 Iron tool technology spreads across Africa 445 Nehemiah rebuilds Jerusalem's walls and institutes social
reforms. |
490 Greek forces halt a
Persian incursion into the Greek peninsula. 480 Celts of Europe
begin migrating to Britain. 450 Rome's first
standardized code of law is placed in the forum. 440 Pericles presides
over the Golden Age of Athens. 430 Herodotus completes
his Histories. |
500 The north-eastern
Indian state of Maghada emerges as a regional power. 500 Jainism and Buddhism
begin their spread through northern India. 450 Confucianism gains
momentum in scholarly circles in China. 403 The dissolution of
the Zhou dynasty in China brings about the period of Warring States. |
500 The Olmec of
Mesoamerica move their capital to Tres Zapotes, on Mexico's Gulf Coast. 500 The Paracas of coastal
Peru refine traditions that continue in Andean regions for centuries. 500 The Adena society
constructs earthen burial mounds in portions of eastern North America. |
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400 The qanat system of
underground canals is used to distribute water to arid regions of the Iranian plateau. 350 Nok culture of
Nigeria is among the earliest to refine the manufacture of iron in
sub-Saharan Africa. 334 Alexander the Great
invades Persia and carves out an empire stretching from Greece to
northwestern India. |
400 Hippocrates of Cos begins compiling the Corpus
Hippocraticum. 396 Rome draws Etruscan lands of northern Italy into it-s
sphere. 387 Plato founds the Academy, a school of philosophy in Athens. 338 Philip II of Macedon occupies all of Greece. 312 Rome builds it’s first major road. The Via Appia. |
390 Legalism,
emphasizing the military and agriculture. Appears in China. 380 Walls are built by
various states in northern China to repel nomadic tribes. 321 Chandragupta Maurya
pushes the borders of his kingdom into northwestern India, following the
invasions of Alexander the Great. |
400 Zapotec society
develops, centered around the town of Monte Albfln in the Oaxaca Valley in
Mexico. 400 Nascent
agriculturalists settle the Valley of Mexico, from which will soon emerge the
Teotihuacan culture. 350 Origins of the Maya
culture are evident in Nakbe, a town in modern-day Guatemala. |
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300 The Parthians of
Central Asia turn increasingly to agriculture. 300 Ptolemaic rule is
established in Egypt; the Seleucid rule in the Middle East following
Alexander’s death. 280 The library of
Alexandria is founded and draws scholars such as Euclid and Herophilus. 218 Hannibal marches against Rome. |
300 Rome is the dominant power on the Italian peninsula. 275 The Antigonid Empire rules Greece following Alexander the
Great’s death. 264 Rome holds its first gladiatorial games. 215 Rome wages both the
Second Punic War and the First Macedonian War, after which it dominates the
Mediterranean. |
300 Wet rice cultivation
begins in Japan. 260 Ashoka takes the
reins of the Mauryan Empire in India, expanding its borders and sponsoring
the spread of Buddhism. 221 King Zheng of the
Qin state defeats rival states and becomes emperor of unified China. 206 The Han dynasty is
established in China. |
300 The Maya center of
Tikal begins construction on a number of monumental pyramids. 300 La Tolita culture of coastal Ecuador shows a skill in gold
metallurgy unequalled elsewhere in the Americas. 250 Moche society
develops in northern coastal Peru at the same time as Nazca society develops
in southern coastal Peru. |
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171 Mithridates I takes
the throne of the Parthian Empire and goes on to conquer much of the Seleucid
Empire, including Mesopotamia. 150 Ptolemaic mariners
from Egypt learn from Indians and Arabs the art of sailing the Indian Ocean
on its monsoon winds. 150 Bactria imports a
number of goods from southwest China. |
200 Romans invent concrete and go on to develop the first paved
streets. as well as immense aqueducts and bridges. 146 Rome destroys
Carthage and establishes the province of Africa. l33-123 The reforms of
the Gracchus brothers are stifled by a corrupt Roman senate. |
200 The Xiongnu people
of Central Asia form a wide-ranging federation. 185 The Mauryan Empire
of India loses central authority. 150 Austronesians arrive
on Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands. 141 Han Wudi begins a
54-year-long reign in China, during which he expands Chinese influence
abroad. |
200 The Teotihuacan
influence spreads to neighboring peoples. 200 The Nazca lines
begin to appear in the deserts of southern coastal Peru. 200 Hohokam people of
modern-day Arizona begin construction on a large system of canals. 200 Hopewell society
appears in river valleys of eastern North America. |
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100 The art of
glassblowing is refined in Syria. 83 Rome incorporates
Syria into its growing domain. 30 The Ptolemaic dynasty
in Egypt ends with the suicide of Cleopatra and Marc Antony. 10 The oldest extant
Hebrew documents, the Dead Sea Scrolls, are produced in Judaea |
88 The Social War in
Italy ends with sulla becoming dictator in Rome. 73 Spartacus leads an
army of rebel slaves against Rome. 46 Having expanded Roman
dominion Into Gaul. Caesar becomes dictator-for-life of Rome. 27 Having defeated his
rival, Marc Antony, Augustus becomes the first emperor of Rome. |
100 Buddhism spreads
into Central Asia along the Silk Road. 100 Historian Sima Qian
writes Records of the Historian. a history of China. 100 The use of negative numbers
becomes standard for Chinese mathematicians. 100 Ice is used in China
for refrigeration. |
100 pyramid temples
appear in the growing urban center of Teotihuacan as well as in other parts
of Mesoamerica. 100 Moche and Nam
cultures of coastal Peru begin building large ceremonial structures 100 The cocoa plant is
cultivated in equatorial regions of South America |
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