HS-Discoveries.htm

1989		Gene transfer (human)		Steven Rosenberg, R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, U.S.
1987	Either, fail to detect		Michelson and Morley
1982		Heart, artificial		Dr. Robert Jarvik, U.S.
1976	Telephone		Alexander G. Bell
1975		Home videotape systems (VCR) (Betamax)		Sony, Japan
1975		Home videotape (VHS)		Matsushita, Japan
1973	Antrhopology, first discoveries at Hadar		Johanson’s team
1972		Computer Disk		RCA US
1972	Video disk		Philips Co., The Netherlands
1970		Bar codes: (computer scan binary signal codes) ( retail trade use)		Monarch marketing, England
1970.	LCD Liquid Crystal Display		Hoffmann-LaRoche. Switzerland
1969	Anthropology, first discoveries at East Rudolt		Richard Leakey’s team
1968	Pulsars		Jocelyn Bell Bunnell, England
1967	Quarks		Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, Richard Taylor, U.S
1966	Antineutrino, identify		Raines and Cowan
1965		Big Bang theory (confirmed)		Arno Penzias, Robert Willson US
1963	Strangeness, introduce a now principle, the conservation of		Gall‑Mann and Nishijime
1963	Quasars		Marten Schmidt, U.S.
1962	muon's neutrino, find the		Lederman, Schwartz, Steinberger, and co‑workers
1960	Laser (first working model)		T. H. Maiman, U.S.
1960	Polio (vaccine made from live virus strains)		Albert Sabin, U.S.
1959	Antrhopology First major discoveries at Olduvai		Louis and Mary Leaky
1959.		Circuit integration, phase shifted oscillator		Jack Kilby Texas Instruments US
1958	Laser: (theoretical work on)		Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S., N. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R.
1958	Van Allen (radiation) Belt (around the earth)		James Van Allen, U.S.
1957	Interferon		Alick Isaacs, Jean Lindemann, England, Switzerland
1957	Pacemaker (internal)		Clarance W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, US
1957	Superconductivity: (theory)		Bardeen, Cooper, Scheiffer U.S.
1956	challenge the conservation of parity		Lee and Yang
1956.		Engine internal combustion (rotary)		Felix Wankel, Germany
1955	Fiber optics		Kapany
1955		Fiber optics		Narinder Kapany, England
1955	Radioactivity (carbon dating)		Willard F. Libby et al., U.S.
1954	Polio, vaccine against: (vaccine made from dead virus strains)		Jonas E. Salk, U.S.
1953	invents the bubble chamber		Glaser
1953		DNA (determination of double-helical structure)		F. H. Crick, England, James D. Watson, U.S.
1953	Measles vaccine		John F. Enders, Thom Peebles, U.S.
1953	Relativity (special theory of)		Albert Einstein
1953	Television (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U,S		National Television Systems committee
1952		Circuit integration: (theoretical)		Dummer England
1951		Contraceptive Oral		Gregory Pincus, Min Chuch Chang, John Rock, Carl Djerassi, US
1951	Television (color sequential rotating filter, first introduced)		Peter Goldmark U.S.
1950	National Science Foundation		Vannevar Bush 1945
1949	describes positrons as electrons moving backward in time		Foynman
1948	develop the transistor		Bardeen and Brattain
1948.		Camera (Polaroid Land)		Edwin Land, U.S.
1948	Transistor		John Bardeen, William Shockley, Walter Brattain, U.S.
1947	discovers Australopithecus pelvis		Broom
1947		Computer (stored program concept)		John Von Neuman, US
1947		Holograph		Dennis Gabor, England
1947	Microwave oven		Percy Spencer, U.S.
1946		Computer (ENIAC Electronic numerical integrator & calculator, first all electronic)		J. Presper Echkert & John W. Mauchley, US
1945	WW II		WW II
1944		Computer (Mark I, first information processing digital computer):		Howard Aiken, US
1944	Pen (ball point for hand writing)		Lazio Biro, Argentina
1943		Aqualung		Jacques‑Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan, France
1943	Teflon:		DuPont US
1942	Nuclear Reactor		Enrico Fermie, et al
1941	Locomotive (largest steam‑powered)		Union Pacific’s “Big Boy," U.S.
1941	Plutonium, synthesis of		Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, U.S.
1940.		Antibotics (penicillin infection‑fighting properties		Howard Flrey, Ernst Chain, England
1940	Neptunium firt transuranic element , synthesis of		Edward M. McMillan & Philip H. Abelson US
1939	give a detailed theory of nuclear fission		Bohr and Wheeler
1939		Helicopter (single rotor)		Igor Sikorsky, U.S.
1939	Jet propulsion (aircraft)		Heinkel He 178
1939	Microscope (electronic)		Vladimir Zworykin et al US Canada Germany
1938	interpret results of Hahn and Strassmann as nuclear fission		Meitner and Frisch
1938	Nuclear Fision		Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany
1938	Television (color, compatible with black and white)		George Valensi, France
1938	Xerography		Chester Carlson, U.S.
1937	Vitamin (niacin)		Conrad Elvehjem, U.S.
1936	Jet Engine		Whittle
1936		Helicopter (double rotor)		Heinrich Focke, Germany
1936	Jet propulsion: (engine)		Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany
1935	predicts an intermediate‑ mass particle (the pion)		Yukaws
1935		Fibers man made (nylon)		Wallace H. Carothers, U.S.
1935.	Photography (commercial color film with three emulsion layers		Kodachrome) U.S.
1935	Radar (first practical radar‑radio detection and ranging)		Sir Robert Watson‑Watt, England
1935	Richter Scale		Charles F. Richter US
1935..	Sulpha Drugs (anti bacterial activity)		Gerhard Domagk Germany
1934	Radar		Watson-Watt
1934	proposes a theory of the annihilation and creation of matter		Fermi
1934	Manlike nature of Ramapithecus recognized
1934	Neutron-Induced Radiation		Enrico Fermi, et al Italy
1934	Vitamin (B6)		Paul Gyorgy, U.S.
1933	Radio (frequency modulation‑FM)		Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S.
1933	Vitamin (folic acid)		Lucy Wills, England
1932	discovers the positron		Anderson
1932	verify the mass‑energy equivalence		Cockcroft and Walton
1932	gives the neutron‑proton theory of nuclear composition		Heisenberg
1932	Neutron		James Chadwick, England
1932	Positron		Carl D. Anderson, U.S.
1932	Radio waves (cosmic sources, led to radio astronomy)		Karl Jansky
1931		Cyclotron		Ernest Lawrence US
1931		Deuterium: (heavy hydrogen)		Harold Urey US
1931.	Radio signals, extraterrestrial: first known radio noise signals originating from the Galactic Center were received by U.S. engineer		Karl Jansky,
1931	Razor (electric)		Jacob Schick, U.S.
1930s		Fibers man made (research on polyesters and polyamides, basis for modern man‑made fibers)		U.S., England, Germany
1929		Big Bang theory: (the universe began with a huge explosion)		Edwin Hubble, US
1929		Car Radio: , manufactured by Galvin manufacturing Co., "Motorola"		William Lear, Elmer Wavering, US
1929	Scotch Tape		John Drew US
1928	merges relativity and quantum mechanics in a theory of the electron		Dirac
1928		Antibotics (discovery of penicillin, first modern antibiotic)		Alexander Fleming, England
1928		Computer (differential analyzer, mechanically operated):		Vannevar Bush, US
1928	Television (electronic scanning method)		Vladimir Kworykin US
1928	Television (color mechanical disk)		Baird
1927	proposes the uncertainty principle		Heisenberg
1927	Peking man discovered
1927		Expanding universe theory: (galaxies are receding from each other at speeds proportionate to their distance)		George Lemaitre
1927	Motion Pictures spoken dialog, the jazz singer		Warner Bros US
1927	Uncertainty principle (that position and velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time)		Werner Heisenberg, Germany
1926	develops the wave theory of quantum mechanics		Schr6dinger
1926	Rocket		Godard
1926		Aerosol can		Erik Rotheim, Norway
1926	Motion Pictures sound, first picture with synchronized musical score. Don Juan		Warner Bros US
1926	Rocket (liquid‑fueled)		Robert Goddard US
1926	Television: (mechanical and disk scanning method) successfully demonstrated		J Baird England, C. Jenkins US
1926	Television (color all electronic)		Zworykin
1926	Vitamin (riboflavin, 132)		D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S.
1925	establish the spin of the electron		Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck
1925	numbers of molecules per unit volume
1925	verify the wave nature of electrons		Thomson, Davisson, and Gormer
1925		Exclusion principle: (no two electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy level)		Wolfgang Pauli
1925	Quantum theory (quantum mechanics)		Werner Heisenberg, Er win Schrodinger, Germany
1925	Radar (pulse modulation, used for measuring height of ionosphere)		Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S.
1924	advances the wave theory of matter		Do Broglie
1924	discovers Australopithecus		Dart
1924		Frozen food		Clarence Birdseye, U.S
1923	observations of X‑ray scattering support the photon concept of light		Compton
1922	Insulin		Sir Frederick G. Banting, J. J. R. MacLeod, Canada
1922	Plastics (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests)		Hermann Staudinger, Germany
1922	Vitamin (vitamin D)		Elmer V. McCollum, U.S.
1921		Fibers man made (Celanese)		Henry and Camille Dreyfuss, U.S.,England
1919	Isotopes (existence demonstrated by mass spectrography)		Francis W. Ashton
1919	Proton		Ernest Rutherford, England
1918	Rifle (automatic)		John Browning , US
1918	Thermodynamics (third law: the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperature)		Walter Nernst, Germany
1917	WW I		WW I
1916	Vitamin (vitamin B)		Elmer V. McCollum, U.S.
1915		Electric lamp (tungsten filament)		Irving Langmuir, U.S.
1915	Plate tectonics		Alfred Wegener, Germany
1914	Tank, military:		Sir Earnest Swinton, England
1914	Vitamins (vitamin A)		Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S.
1913	gives a quantum theory of the hydrogen atom		Bohr
1913	Isotopes (stable isotopes)		J. J. Thompson, England
1913	Quantum theory (sub‑atomic)		Niels Bohr, Denmark
1913	Refrigerator (first with a compressor device)		the Domelse, Chicago, U.S.
1913.	Symbolic Logic (modern)		Bertram Russell, Alfred North Whitehead
1912		Autopilot first successful test, in a Curtis flying boat		Sperry-Curtis
1912	Isotopes: (concept of)		Frederick Soddy, England
1912	Radio (regenerative circuit, allowing long‑distance sound reception)		Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S.
1912	Vitamins: (hypothesis of disease deficiency)		Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England
1912	Vitamin (thiamin, 131)		Casimir Funk, England
1912	Vitamin (vitamin C)		C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway
1911	reveals the nuclear atom		Rutherford
1911		Air conditioning		Willis Carrier, U.S.
1911		Atom (nuclear model of)		Ernest Rutherford
1911		Electric lamp (neon lamp)		Georges Claude, France
1910		Autopilot: (for aircraft)		Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.
1910		Conditioned Reflex		Ivan Pavlov, Russian
1910	Plastics (Bakelite, first completely synthetic plastic)		Leo H. Baekeland, U.S.
1909	Vacuum cleaner (electric)		HubertC. Booth, England
1908	Sulpha Drugs: (parent compound, para-aminobnzenesuphanomide)		Paul Gelmo, Austria
1907	Mauer jaw discovered
1907		E = mc^2: (equivalence of mass and energy)		Albert Einstein, Switzerland
1907.	Steamship five preceded Fulton, credited with launching first successful steamship		Robert Fulton US
1907	Vacuum cleaner (upright)		J. Murray Spangler, U.S.
1906	advances the special theory of relativity		Einstein
1906		Appliances (washing machine)		Alva Fisher, U.S.
1906	Radio (triodeamplifying tube)		Lee de Forest, U.S.
1906	Wassermann test (for syphilis)		August von Wassermann, Germany
1905	introduces the photon concept		Einstein
1905		Gyrocompass		Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.
1905	Intelligence testing		Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon, France
1905	Relativity (general theory of)		Albert Einstein
1904	Locomotive (steam powered)		Richard Trevithick, England
1904	Psychoanalysis		Sigmund Freud, Austria
1904	Radar (limited to one‑mile range)		Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany
1904	Radio (vacuum electron tube, basis for radio telephony)		SirJohn Fleming, England
1903	Airplane		Wright Bros
1903.		Airplane (first powered, sustained, controlled flight)		Orville and Wilbur Wright, U.S.
1903		Electric lamp (mercury lamp)		Peter Cooper Hewitt, U.S.
1903,		Electocardiograph (first practical device for recording activity of heart)		Willem Einthoven, Dutch physiologist
1902	postulate transmutation		Rutherford and Soddy
1901	Razor (safety, successfully marketed)		King Gillette, U.S.
1900	invents the battery		Volta
1900	introduces the quantum idea		Planck
1900		Airship (rigid)		Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany
1900	Quantum theory (general)		Max Planck, Germany
1900	Radioactivity (classification of alpha and beta particle radiation)		Pierre Curie, France
1900	Radioactivity (gamma radiation)		Paul‑Ulrich Villard, France
1900	Tractor		Benjamin Holt, U.S.
1899		Aspirin		Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany
1899	Tape Recorder (magnetic steel tape):		Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark
1898	Radioactivity (radioactive elements, radium and polonium in uranium ore)		Marie Skloclowska‑Curie, Pierre Curie, France
1897	cathode rays, identified as negative corpuscles		Thomson
1897		Adrenaline (isolation of)		John Jacob Abel, U.S.
1897		Electron		Sir Joseph J. Thompson, England
1896	discovers radioactivity		Becquerel
1896		Appliances (stove)		Hadaway, U.S.
1896	Radioactivity (radioactivity of uranium)		Henri Becquerel, France
1895	Wireless Telegraphy		Marconni
1895	discovers X rays		Roentgen
1895	Radio (first practical system of wireless telegraphy)		Guglielmo Marconi, Italy
1895	Radioactivity (X‑rays)		Wilhelm K. Roentgen,Germany
1893	Motion Pictures		Thomas A. Edison US
1892		Automobile (carburetor, spray)		Charles E. Duryea, U.S.
1892		Electric generator (alternating‑current generator)		Nikola Tesla, U.S.
1892		Engine internal combustion (diesel)		Rudolf Diesel, Germany
1892	Motor Electric alternating current		Nikola Tesla US
1891	Java man discovered		Dubois
1891		Automobile (first true automobile, not carriage with motor)		Rend Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France
1891	Zipper		W.L. Judson, U.S.
1890		Antitoxin, diphtheria		Emil von Behring, Germany
1889		Fibers, man made (rayon)		Count Hilaire de Chardonnet, France
1889	Rifle (bolt action)		Paul von Mouser, Germany
1888		Camera (hand held)		George Eastman US
1888	Pen (ball point for making on rough surfaces)		John H. Loud US
1888	Tire (bicycle tire)		John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland
1887	Transformer		Stanley
1887	generates and detects radio waves		Hertz
1887		Antibotics (first demonstration antibiotic effect)		Louis Pasteur, Jules‑Francisco Joubert France
1887		Electrocardiography: demonstrated by		Augustus Waller
1886	Spy man discovered
1886		Coca-Cola		John Pemberton US
1886	Radio (spark coil, generator of electromagnetic waves)		Henrich Hertz, Germany
1885	finds numerical regularity in the spectrum of hydrogen		Balmer
1885		Automobile (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rpm)		Karl Benz, Germany
1885		Automobile (first with practical high‑speed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm)		Gottlieb Daimler, Germany
1885	Motorcycle motor gasoline engine motor cycle		Gottlieb Daimler, Germany
1885	Rabies immunization		Louis Pasteur, France
1885	Transformer, electric		William Stanley, U.S.
1884		Bicycle (first modern model)		James Starley, England
1884	Motorcycle motor tricycle		Edward Butler, England
1884	Pen (fountain)		Lewis E. Watreman, US
1884	Printing (Linotype)		Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S.
1883		Cholera bacterium		Robert Koch Germany
1883		Fibers, man made: (nitrocellulose fibers treated to change flammable nitrocellulose to harmless cellulose, precursor of rayon)		Sir Joseph Swann, England
1882		Appliances, Electric: (fan)		Schuyler Wheeler, U.S.
1882		Appliances, (flatiron)		Henry W. Seely, U.S.
1882	Tuberculosis bacterium		Robert Koch, Germany
1880	Seismograph, first accurate		John Milne
1879		Electric lamp (carbon arc street lamp)		Charles F. Brush, U.S.
1879		Electric lamp (first widely marketed incandescent lamp)		Thomas A. Edison, U.S.
1879	Saccharin		Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remson U.S.
1877	relates entropy to probability		Boltzmann
1877		Concrete (reinforced) :		Joseph Monier
1877		Disease germ theory		Louis Pasteur
1877	Phonograph		Thomas Edison US
1877	Refrigerator ship first the Frigorifique, cooling unit designed by		Charles Teller, France
1876.		Carpet sweeper		Melville R. Bissell, U.S.
1876		Engine internal combustion (operating four‑stroke)		Nikolaus Otto, Germany
1874		Electric cooking utensil: (first patented)		St. George Lane‑Fox, England
1873		Barbed wire: (most popular)		Joseph E. Glidden U.S.
1873	Light Nature of (electromagnetic theory)		James Clerk Maxwell, England
1873	Piano (pianoforte with sustaining and damper pedals)		John Broadwood, England
1873	Radio (electromagnetism, theory of)		James Clerk Maxwell, England
1871	Descent of Man published		Darwin
1870	Germ theory		Pasteur
1870.		Chewing Gum (chicle-based)		Thomas Adams US
1870		Electric lamp (incandescent lamp)		Sir Joseph Swanni, England, Thomas A. Edison, U.S., contemporaneously
1869	organizes the elements into a periodic table		Mendeleeff
1869		DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)		Fredrich Meischer Germany
1869	Periodic Law (that properties of elements are functions of their atomic weights)		Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia
1869	Periodic Table (arrabgenebt if cgenucak ekenebts based ib oeruiduc kaw)		Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia
1869	Plastics (Celluloid, involving recognition of vital effect of camphor)		John W. Hyatt, U.S.
1869	Vacuum cleaner: (manually operated)		Ives W. McGaffey
1868	Cro‑Magnon man discovered
1868		Air brake		George Westinghouse, U.S.
1868		Helium first observed on sun		Sir Joseph Lockyer, England
1867	Dynamite		Nobel
1867	Typewriter		Sholes
1867	anticeptic		Lister
1867		Antiseptic: (surgery)		Joseph Lister, England
1867		Dynamite		Alfred Nobel, Sweden
1867		Electric lamp (fluorescent lamp)		A.E. Becquerel, France
1867	Typewriter		Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden,U.S.
1866		Aluminum manufacture (by electrolytic action)		Charles M. Hall, U.S.
1866	Rifle (breech loaded)		England, France, Germany, US
1865	gives the electromagnetic theory of light		Maxwell
1865	Heredity		Mrndel
1865	names entropy and advances thermodynamics		Clauslus
1865		Heredity, laws of		Gregor Mendel, Austria
1864	Civil War		Civil War
1863	Man's Place in Nature published		Huxley
1862		Engine internal combustion (ideal operating cycle for four stroke)		Alphonse Beau de Roche, France
1861	Kansas enters union
1861	Machine gun		Richard J. Gatling, U.S.
1860		Engine internal combustion (two‑stroke)		Etienne Lenoir, France
1860		Fermentation: (micro‑organisms as cause of)		Louis Pasteur, France
1860	Solar Energy (first realistic application of solar energy using parabolic solar reflector to drive caloric engine on steam boiler		Jon Ericsson
1860	Photography (First color images)		Claude Niepce de Saint‑Victor, France
1859	On the Origin of Species published		Darwin
1859		Evolution (by natural selection)		Charles Darwin, England
1859	Oil Well		Edwin L. Drake, Titusville, PA
1859	Spectrum analysis		Gustav Kirchoff, Robert Bunsen
1858		Continental Drift theory		Antonio Sneder-Pellegrini
1857		Elevator (elevator utilizing safety device)		Otis
1857		Gyroscope		Leon Foucault, France
1856	Neandertal man discovered
1856		Dyes: (aniline, start of synthetic dye industry)		William H. Perkin
1855	Match (safety)		J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden
1855	Plastics: (first material, nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursor to Celluloid)		Alexander Parkes, England
1854	Symbolic Logic		George Boule
1853		Condensed Milk		Gail Borden, US
1852		Airship (non‑rigid)		Henri Giffard, France
1852		Elevator, passenger: (safety device permitting use by passengers)		Elisha G. Otis, U.S.
1851		Converter Bessimer		William Kelly US
1851	Lock, cylinder		Linus Yale, U.S.
1851	Rotation of Earth		Jean Bernard Faucault
1851	Sewing Machine (continuous stitch		Isaac Singer US
1850	Refrigerator		Alexander Twining, U.S. James Harrison, Australia
1850	Thermodynamics (second law: heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a warmer body)		Rudolph Clausius, Germany
1849		Bullet: (conical)		Claude Minie, France
1849	Safety pin		Walter Hunt, U.S.
1848	Giberalder man discovered
1848.		Chewing Gum (spruce based)		John Curtis US
1848	Thermometer (absolute‑temperature, or Kelvin, scale)		William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England
1848	Zero (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy)		William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England
1848	Photography (First color images)		Alexandre Becquerel, France
1846	predict the new planet Neptune		Adams and Loverrier
1846	Neptune discovery of		John Galle
1846	Nitroglycerin		Ascanio Sobrero, Italy
1846	Sewing Machine		Elias Howe
1845	Tire (pneumatic)		Robert W. Thompson, England
1844	Printing (rotary press)		Richard Hoe, U.S.
1843	suggest the convertibility and conservation of energy		Mayor and Joule
1843	Thermodynamics		James Joule, England
1842		Anesthetic: (first use of anesthetic‑ether‑on man)		Crawford W. Long, U.S.
1842	Thermodynamics (first law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another)		Julius von Mayer, Germany
1841	Photography (first paper negative from which a number of positive prints could be made)		William Talbot, England
1840	Ice age theory		Louis Agassiz
1839.		Cells (theory of cells are common structural and functional unit of all living organisms)		Theodore Schwann Mathias Schleiden
1839	Ozone		Christian Schoonbein, Germany
1839	Photography (first direct positive image on silver plate, the daguerreotype)		Louis Daguerre, based on work with Niepce, France
1839	Photovoltaic effect: (light failing on certain materials can produce electricity)		Edmund Becquerel, France
1839	Rubber: (vulcanization process)		Charles Goodyear, U.S
1838	announces discovery of ancient stone industry		Boucher de Perthes
1837	Screw Propeller independently		John Ericson England
1837	Telegraph		Samuel B. Morse
1836	Screw Propeller independently		Sir Francis P. Smith
1835.		Calculating machine, “analytical engine”		Babbage, England
1835	Revolver		Samuel Colt
1834	Reaper		Cyrus McCormick, U.S.
1833	Principles of Geology completed		Lyell
1833		Electric generator (hand‑driven model)		Hippolyte Pixii, France
1832		Electric generator (dynamo): (laboratory model)		Michael Faraday, England
1832		Electric generator		Joseph Henry, U.S.
1831	discover electromagnetic induction		Faraday and Henry
1831	Match (friction)		Charles Sauria, France
1830	Lawn mower		Edwin Budding, England
1829		Braille		Louis Braille, France
1829	Locomotive (first practical, due to multi fire tube boiler)		George Stephenson, England
1828	Induction, electric		Joseph Henry, U.S.
1827	Microphone		Charles Wheatstone England
1827	Ohm’s Law (relation between strength of electric current, electromotive force and circuit resistance)		George S. Ohm, Germany
1827	Photography (first photo graph, on metal)		Joseph Nicephore Niepce, France
1825		Bridges (wire suspension)		Marc Sequin Lyons
1824	states that heat cannot be wholly transformed to work		Carnot
1824		Engine, internal combustion: no single inventor, fundamental theory established by		Sadi Carnot, France
1823		Electromagnet		William Sturgeon, England
1822	Motor Electric		Michel Farady, England
1821	invents the diffraction grating		Fraunhofer
1820	discovers the magnetic effect of electric current		Oersted
1820	establishes the law of force between current‑carrying wires		Amphre
1820		Bridges truss		Ithiel Town US
1819	Photography (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda)		Sir John Herschel, England
1819	Stethescope:		Rene Laennec
1817	provide evidence for the wave theory of light		Fresnel. Arago. and Young
1816		Bicycle		Karl D. von Sauerbronn Germany
1816	Match: (phosphorus)		Francois Derosne, France
1816	Photography (first paper negative), first photo graph, on metal)		Joseph Nicephore Niepce, France
1815	first geological map		Smith
1811	suggests that at equal temperature and pressure, all gases have equal		Avogadro
1811		Avogadro's law: (equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules)		Amedeo Avogadro
1809		Evolution (organic)		Jean‑Baptiste Lamarck
1808		Atomic theory (modern)		John Dalton, England
1806	Louisiana Purchase
1805		Anatomy (comparative: parts of an organism are correlated to the functioning whole)		Georges Cuvier
1802	uses wave theory to account for interference		Young
1801		Electric lamp (arc lamp)		Sir Humphrey Davy, England
1801	Loom (Jacquard draw loom pattern controlled by punch cards)		J M Jacguard
1801	Metric system		revolutionary France
1800		Bridges (suspension iron chain)		James Finley Pa,.
1800	Voltaic pile (forerunner of modern battery, first source of continuous electric current)		Alessandro Volta
1798	argues that heat is a form of motion		Rumford
1798	Essay on the Principles of Population published		Malthus
1796	discovers fossil elephants		Cuvier
1796	Printing (lithography, offset)		Aloys Senefelder, Germany
1796	Vaccination		Edward Jenner, England
1795	measures the gravitational constant		Cavendish
1793		Cotton Gin		Eli Whitney US
1790	discovers ancient tools and extinct animal bones		Frere
1790	Steamship,		John Fitch US
1787	relates the volume of a gas to its absolute temperature		Charles
1787	Steamship		James Rumsey US
1786	precisely determines the law of electric force		Coulomb
1785	Loom (power driven loom)		Edmond Cartwright, England
1783	Parachute		Louis S. Lenormand, France
1783	Steamship		Claude De Jouffroy d’Abbans, France
1782	Steam Engine		Watt
1782	Steam Engine (modern condensing, redoubling)		James Watt England
1781	Uranus: (first planet discovered in recorded history)		William Herschel
1780	discovers "animal electricity"		Galveni
1779	Plant respiration and photosynthesis		Jan Ingenhousz
1779	Spinning (spinning mule, completed mechanization of spinning permitting production of yarn to keep up with demands of modern looms)		Samuel Compton England
1777.		Combustion: (nature of)		Antoine Lavorisier France
1776	US becomes a nation
1774	Oxygen		Priestly
1774	Oxygen isolation of		Joseph Priestley
1773	Oxygen isolation of		Carl Scheele
1769	Spinning (spinning frame)		Sr Richard Arkwright England
1764	Spinning (spinning jenny)		James Hargreaves, England
1760	Lens bifocal		Benjamin Franklin US
1754		Conservation of Electrical Charge (total electric charge of the universe or any closed system is constant):		Benjamin Franklin
1753		Classification of Plants (classification of plants and animals by genera and species)		Carolus Linnaeus Sweden.
1752	Lightning rod		Benjamin Franklin, U.S.
1750	measures the law of force between poles of magnets		Michell
1747	suggests the conservation of electrical fire (charge)		Franklin
1746	Leyden Jar (independently evolved at University of Leyden Holland hence the name)		Cunaeus & P. van Musschenbroek
1745	Leyden Jar (prototype electrical condenser)		Cannon E.G.Von Klieist , Pomerania
1745	Loom (Jacquard draw loom, pattern controlled by punch cards)		Jacques de Vaucanson, France
1742	Thermometer (centigrade scale)		Anders Celsius, Sweden
1738	works out the kinetic theory of gases		Bernoulli
1738	Kinetic theory of gases (molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion)		Daniel Bernoulli
1733		Balloon, hot air		Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France
1733	Loom (flying shuttle)		John Kay England
1725	Steam Engine (atmospheric steam engine)		Thomas New Common England
1724	Portland cement		Aspdin
1724.		Cement Portland		Joseph Aspdin England
1718	Machine gun		James Puckle, England
1714	Thermometer (mercury, also Fahrenheit scale)		Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany
1709	Piano (Hammerklavier)		Bartolommeo Cristofori, Italy
1705		Halley's Comet		Edmund Halley
1702	invents the gas thermometer and predicts an absolute zero of temperature		Amontons
1700	Wallpaper		Europe
1687	gives the theory of mechanics in his Principis		Newton
1687	Motion Laws of		Isaac Newton, England
1684.		Calculus (differential calculus)		Gottfried Leibniz, Germany
1683		Bacteria		Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands
1683	Spermatozoa		Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Netherlands
1680	Royal Observatory Grenwich (established by Charles II of England		John Flamsteed, first astronomy royal
1679	Pressure cooker: (early version)		Denis Papin, France
1678	develops the wave theory of light		Huygens
1678	Light Nature of (wave theory)		Christin Huygens The Netherlands
1676	demonstrates that light has finite velocity		Romer
1675	Light speed of (theory that light has finite velocity)		Olaus Roemer, Denmark
1671		Calculating machine (multiplication machine)		Gottfried Leibniz, Germany
1669		Calculus		Isaac Newton England
1668	Telescope reflecting		Isaac Newton, England
1666	Spectrum (heterogeneity of light)		Sr Isaac Newton, England
1665	discovered cells		Hooke
1665.		Cells: (word used to describe microscopic examination of cork)		Robert Hooke
1665		Gravitation, law of		Sir Isaac Newton, England
1662	relates pressure and volume for gases of constant temperature		Boyle
1662.		Boyle’s law: (relation between pressure and volume in gases)		Robert Boyle, Ireland
1659	Saturn, ring around		Christian Huygens, The Netherlands
1656		Clock Pendulum:		Huygens, The Netherlands
1654	Probability theory		Rend Descartes, France & Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland
1643	publishes his sun‑centered system of the world		Copernicus
1643		Barometer		Evangelista Torricelli, Italy
1642		Calculating machine digital calculator		Blaise Pascal
1638	Steam Engine (first commercial version based on principles of French physicist Denis Papin)		Thomas Savery, England
1637	Geometry		Descart
1637		Geometry (analytic)		Rend Descartes, France and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland
1634	develops the kinematics of accelerated motion		Galileo
1632		Calculating machine slide rule		William Oughtred England
1628	Blood circulation		Harvey
1628		Blood, circulation of		William Harvey, England
1619	Planetary motion, laws of		Johannes Kepler, Germany
1615	publishes three laws of planetary motion		Kepler
1615	Thermometer (clinical)		Santorio Santorio, Padua
1614		Calculating machine (logarithms made multiplying easier thus calculators practical)		John Napier Scotland
1609	first uses the telescope as an astronomical tool		Galileo
1609	Solar System (established movements of planetary orbits as elliptical)		Johannes Kepler, Germany
1609	Telescope astronomical		Galileo Galilei, Italy
1608	Telescope		Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands
1600	suggests that the earth is a magnet		Gilbert
1600	Magnet, Earth is		William Gilbert
1593	Thermometer (open‑column)		Galileo Galilei
1590	achieves precision data on planetary Positions in the sky		Brahe
1590	Microscope		Janssen
1590		Failing bodies, law of		Galileo Galilei, Italy
1590	Microscope: (compounded)		Z. Janseen, The Netherlands
1584	Solar System (infinity of the universe)		Geordano Bruno Italian monk
1583		Classification of Plants (first modern, based on comparative study of forms)		Andrea Cesalpino
1572	Star catalog (first modern)		Tycho Brahe
1550	Spinning (introduced to Europe Middle Ages) (Saxony wheel continuous spinning of wool or cotton yarn)		England
1546		Contagion Theory (infectious diseases caused by living agent transmitted from person to person):		Girolamo Fracastoro,
1543		Anatomy, Human: (De fabrica corporis humani), an illustrated systematic study of the human body)		Andreas Vesalius
1543	Solar System (sun centered universe)		Nicholaus Copernicus Warsaw
1541		Disease (chemical treatment of) crusade by		P. Paracelsus
1492	Discover America		Columbus
1475	Rifle (muzzle loaded)		Italy, Germany
1450	Printing press		Gutenberg
1450	Printing		Johann Gutenberg, Germany
1400	Printing (movable type)		Korea
700		Gunpowder		China
700	Printing (block)		Japan
600	Windmill		Persia
600	Zero		India
100	Spinning (spinning wheel)		India
-100		Astronomical calculator, the Antikythera device, Greece. Found off island of Antikythera in 1900
-100		Atomic theory (ancient)		Lucretius, Rome
-100	Paper		China
-100	Roller Bearing (wooden for cartwheel)		Germany or France
-140	discovers the precession of the equinoxes		Hipperchus
-150	refines the earth‑centered system of the world		Ptolemy
-190		Calculating machine (Abacus)		China
-260	initiates the mechanical theory of solids and fluids		Archimedes
-300	Geometry		Euclid
-300		Cross Bow		China
-300		Geometry elements of		Euclid, Alexandria, Egypt
-330	describes motion in terms of innate tendencies		Aristotle
-500		Atomic theory: (ancient)		Leucippus, Democritus, Greece
-2000	Toilet, flush(alleged invention by "Thomas Crapper" is untrue)		Product of Minoan civilization, Crete
-3000	Plow, forked		Mesopotamia
-3700	Wheel (cart, solid wood)		Mesopotamia
-4000		Cosmetics		Egypt
-4400	Loom: (horizontal, two‑beamed)		Egypt